AMAIUB

DR. BEDA T. ALETA

Principles of Safety
Management
 Elements of a Safety Program
1. Safety Policy 8. Training &
2. Hazard Assessment Communication
3. Safe Work Practices 9. Inspections
4. Safe Work Procedures 10. Investigations &
5. Company Safety Rules Reporting
6. Personal Protective 11. Emergency
Equipment Preparedness
7. Preventative 12. Stats & Records
Maintenance
13. Legislation
 What is an accident?

• an unplanned, uncontrolled event with the

potential to cause injury, damage or other loss
 Accident reporting
• all accidents and near misses should be reported
to details should be noted in accident book
• It is a legal requirement to report certain
accidents to the enforcement authorities:
– death
– major injury
– injury resulting in absence from work of over
three days
supervisors or managers
•
 Hazard:
Potentially dangerous condition.
Any circumstance or condition which poses the
risk of an accident or injury.
• Existing condition or possible (under current
conditions) situation that has the potential to
generate a disaster.
• Anything that has the potential to harm the
health or safety of a person or plant.
 Risk
It is hazard that is associated with a severity and
a probability of occurrence.
• The probability that a particular threat will
exploit a particular vulnerability.
• Risk exists if there is something you don’t want
to happen – having a chance to happen!!!
• It is the UNCERTAINTY that surrounds future
events and outcomes.
 Hazard Assessment
Hazard Assessment: A thorough examination
of an operation to identify the actual and
potential hazards prior to work commencing and
whenever the work or work environment
changes

Risk assessment: It is the next step after the

collection of potential hazards. Risk is the
probability and severity of the hazard becoming
reality.
Hazard analysis:

Identify all possible hazards potentially

created by a product, process or
application.
Hazard Identification
 PROBABILITY
• A mathematical assessment of how likely it is
that a specific event will occur
• Based on a wide variety of factors – history,
global warming, infrastructure and
demographic changes, new industries,
changes in your activities and processes, etc.
 PROBABILITY
• Expressed in a variety of ways:
– This year we expect 14 named tropical storms, 8
hurricanes, 3 great hurricanes … (an assessment of
general level)
– There is a 45% chance of … (a numerical assessment)
– A 500 year flood … (a statement of cycles)
– And then there is likelihood: “I think it is highly likely that
…” (a qualitative assessment)
 How to do a Risk Assessment?
• Determine hazards and evaluate risks
• Use all relevant available data
• Determine controls needed to minimise those risks
• Document the assessment
• Agree it with your supervisor
• Use those control measures

You should receive specific training on how to do

this in your department
 Basic Risk Analysis Structure
• Evaluate
– Value of computing and information assets
– Vulnerabilities of the system
– Threats from inside and outside
– Risk priorities
• Examine
– Availability of security countermeasures
– Effectiveness of countermeasures
– Costs (installation, operation, etc.) of countermeasures
• Implement and Monitor
 15

Five Primary Means of

Risk Management
Reduce
1. Reduce the probability that the event will occur
2. Reduce the impact if the event does occur
Transfer
3. Transfer the cost of an undesirable outcome to someone else
Avoid
4. Completely avoid potential events thus providing a zero
probability that they will occur
Do Nothing
5. Let the risk happen and be ready to bear the consequences.
 Hazard Assessment

• Necessary to ensure:
• Workers Legal Right to Know
• Due diligence
• Corrective measures are completed
 Reduce risk
 Reduce injuries/property damage
 Improve productivity
 Improve employee morale
 Hazard Assessment
• Unsafe condition
• Unsafe act

– People
– Environment
– Materials
– Equipment and Tools
 Conducting a Hazard Assessment

• People, Environment, Material and Tools

• Ask yourself “What If?”

• Use a checklist

• Rank hazards according to severity and

probability
 Human as a Root Cause
 Generally accepted to be causal in 70-80%
of mishaps
 Incident review should question: “Is he
involved or did he induce?”
 Areas to consider
 Selection: Is he capable?
 Training: Does he understand?
 Motivation: Does he care?
 Human as a Root Cause

 Efforts to integrate human factors into

safety designs focus on 4 specific areas:
 Behavioral Stereotypes
 Human Engineering
 Man-Machine Interface (& Tradeoffs)
 Misuse Analysis
 Behavioral Stereotypes
 Habit patterns compel us to act in a
predictable manner
 Learned behavior varies by groups
 Law of Primacy
 Designs that do not consider the users
behavior patterns may be ERROR-
INDUCING
 Error-Inducing Exemplar
(Have you driven a Ford lately?)

 First vehicle you drove most likely had the

horn activated by pushing in the middle of
the steering wheel
 Ford Motor Company design co-located
horn switch on the turn signal lever
 In a time compressed situation most
operators push the center of the wheel
looking for a horn if needed
 Man-Machine Interface
 Not to be confused with physical interface
 Functional control – “whose got it?”
 Human (manual) control with automated
response should certain conditions be present
 Automated controls with human monitors
 Optimizing the system to do what each
does best is the challenge in design
 Machine as a Root Cause
 System safety process analyzes each
component and operational procedure for it’s
hazard contribution
 Poor design
 Inadequate operating procedures
 Ill defined limitations
 Improper Maintenance
 Known component hazards as well as Design-
Induced maintenance and personnel errors are
part of the hazard identification process
Environment
 Environment as a Root cause
 System safety processes should analyze each
component and their intended or potential
interrelation with their operating environment for
hazards
 Natural “acts of God” -- A phenomena?
 Temperature variations
 Earth Quake
 Volcano
 Hurricane
 Known environmental hazards as well as Design-
Induced limitations should be part of the Hazard
ID process
 Even with properly identified hazards someone may
chose to operation outside design limitations – That is
a gamble at best
The lowest temperature the system had previously experienced was
53 degrees F and both the primary and secondary component had
failed to function as designed. The predicted temperature for
operation was approximately 26 degrees F. “…data below 53 degree’s
F was not available and [my] department could not prove it was
unsafe to launch.”

• Morton-Thiokol VP of
Engineering, STS-51L
Accident Investigation
• 1986
 Management as a Root Cause
 Lack of genuine commitment to safety
 Example: Failure to adequately resource a SSP
 Failure to act on safety recommendations
 Severity & Probability quibbling or gambling –
“Playing the Numbers game”
 Inadequate SOP’s
 Poorly developed PHA through O&SHA
 Poor standards and controls
 Inadequate design “wished” into operation
Murphy’s Law for Management

• Technology is dominated by
those who manage what they
don’t understand
 Hazard Assessment

Prioritizing hazard assessments

• Any job that has produced fatalities/ serious injuries

• Any job that is associated with frequent incidents
• Any job that has the potential for serious injuries
• New (or recently changed) jobs
• Jobs that are seldom performed
 Hazard Ranking Exercise

Severity Probability

1. Imminent Danger A. Probable

2. Serious B. Reasonably Probable
3. Minor C. Remote
4. O.K. D. Extremely Remote
5. Not Applicable
 Control of Hazards

• To try and reduce or control the hazard

• Elimination
• Substitution
• Engineering Process
• Administrative Controls
• Personal Protective Equipment
 Contractor Evaluation/Monitoring

Employers must develop:

• A criteria for evaluating and selecting

employers and self-employed persons

• Procedures for regularly monitoring

employers and self-employed persons
 Safe Work Practices
• Means of controlling hazards
• Doing jobs with a minimum of risk to people and property

• General accepted safe working practices of what you

should or should not do that are specific to your
company:
ie: Hand Tools
Ladder Safety
Material Handling
 Safe Work Practices
• Management to show commitment by
ensuring:
• They are in writing
• Necessary equipment and support are
available
• Supervisors ensure safe work
practices are followed
• Employees understand and apply
 Safe Work Procedures

• Means of controlling hazards

• Doing jobs with a minimum of risk to people and
property

• Specific written description of how to do a job

from start to finish
 Safe Work Procedures

• SWP are required by law:

• All tasks in which hazards have been identified

• Conduct JHA or JSA

• Select job to be analyzed
• Break job down into sequence of steps
• Identify potential hazards
• Determine control methods

• Write safe work procedure

 General Safety Rules

• Management and supervisors must lead by

example

• Clearly defined disciplinary action

 Personal
Protective Equipment

• Basic PPE
• Should be worn at all times
• Hard hats, eye protection, safety footwear,
appropriate clothing

• Specialized PPE
• Worn for specific jobs or for protection from specific
hazards
• Gloves, welders goggles, respirators, fall arresting
equipment
 Personal
Protective Equipment

• Selection of PPE
• Regulations
• Manufacturer Specifications
• Injury reports
• Experience of management and workers
• Reduce the risk of injuries, damage or lost
production

• Comply with Legislation

• Comply with Manufacturers Specification

 Maintenance

• Ensure that Tools, Equipment and Vehicles are

properly:

• Inspected
• Maintained
• In good repair
 Maintenance Policy

• Inventory of Equipment
• Maintenance Schedule
• Qualified personnel
• Documentation / Records
• Monitoring
• Operators
• Management
 Training and Communication

• Essential to the success of your Safety

Program

• All Training is Safety Training

• Minimum 3 training components:

• New Hire Orientation
• Job Specific Training
• Safety Meetings
 New Hire Orientation

• Mandatory requirement

• Standardized and based on a written plan or

checklist

• Review of company policies, procedures and

rules
 Job Specific Training

• Required procedures to complete a task safely

• Formal or Informal
• Written or performance test
• Document
• Involvement of the S & H committee or Safety
Rep
 Inspections

• Identify and control hazards

• Ongoing (informal) inspections
• Planned (formal) inspections

• Inspection policy
• Objectives clearly stated
• Direction and responsibility clearly stated
 Inspection Purposes
•Identify existing and potential hazard and safety violations

•Determine causes of hazards

•Monitor hazard controls

•Determine corrective action

•Reinforce & promote safe practices

•Comply with legislation

 Investigation & Reporting

• Incident: Any unplanned and unwanted

event which results in or “could have”
resulted in damage or injury

• Incident Investigation: Determination and

analysis of the facts of the incident to
establish the causes and the corrective
measures required
 Investigation Policy

• Objectives of investigations

• Type of incidents to be investigated

• Procedures to follow

• Responsibilities
Emergency Preparedness
 Emergency Preparedness

• Plan or contingency to deal with potential

emergency situations
• At Minimum:
• Provide first aid to the injured
• Provide transportation to medical aid
• Conduct initial attack on fire
• Promptly contact outside agencies for help
• Pre-job planning and/or hazard assessment
may identify other potential emergency
situations
 Statistics & Records

• Prevention
• Measurement
 Legislation

• Joint Workplace

• Workers Rights
• Right to Refuse
• Right to Know
• Right to Participate