COLLOCATIONS AND

EXPRESSIONS
RELATIVE CLAUSES

By Teacher Julie Anne

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Collocations and
Simply put, collocations and expressions are two or more words
that are usually used together and sound natural to native expressions
speakers of English. For example, the famous phrase “fast food”
is a collocation. Meaning of collocations and
expressions
For example:

*People should pay a fine when they park illegally.

*What does he do for a living?
*Students that sit for an exam should be relaxed and
concentrated.
*Only when we make mistakes, do we actually learn.
*Driving without a licence is against the law
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Collocations and
Why learn collocations?
Your language will be more natural and more easily understood. expressions
You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing
yourself.
It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in
chunks or blocks rather than as single words.
How to learn collocations?
*When you learn a new word, write down other words that
collocate with it (remember rightly, remember distinctly,
remember vaguely, remember vividly).
*Read as much as possible. Reading is an excellent way to learn
vocabulary and collocations in context and naturally.
*Revise what you learn regularly. Practise using new
collocations in context as soon as possible after learning them.
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Collocations and
expressions
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Collocations and
expressions
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Make or do?

The verbs do and make can be confusing in English because the Collocations and
meaning is similar but they co-occur with different words. For
example, you can say: expressions
• do an exercise. Make or do?
But you can't say:

• do a cake*.
The phrase do an exercise is called a collocation.
So how can you distinguish between collocations with make
and do?
Generally speaking, use do for activity and make to create
something. Compare these examples:

I always do my homework in the evenings.

I like spaghetti. I make it everyday
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But there are other things to consider when using do and make.
Here are some tips to help you make the right choice.
Collocations and
Collocations with make and do
Collocations with do?
expressions
Use do when someone performs an action, activity or task.
Do
Examples:

do
...the dishes
... an exercise
... the laundry
... the ironing
... the shopping
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We use often use do to refer to work of any kind.

Examples:
Collocations and
do
... your work
expressions
... homework
... housework Do
... your job
... business
... your hair
... your nails
Use the verb 'do' when you speak about general things (to
describe an action without saying exactly what the action is.)

Examples:
I've got nothing to do today.
He doesn't do anything all day long.
She does everything to attract him.
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Collocations with make?
We use the verb make to construct, build or create. The result
is something that you can touch.
Collocations and
They make tea with mint in Morocco. expressions
She makes beautiful dresses.
Let's make a cup of coffee! Make
can you make a cup of tea?
They make delicious food in this restaurant!

hese are some important expressions that you can use with
make:
make
... arrangements
... an attempt
... bed
... believe
... change
... a choice
... a comment
... a complain
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Choose the right words:

Collocations and
1.I ________ the shopping every Friday afternoon.
2.Please, can you_________ a reservation for me?
expressions
3.She doesn’t _______ much money. EXERCISE 1
4.Nobody helps my mother to________ the housework. Do or Make?
5.Will you __________ me a favor? Help me carry this table.
6.Let’s __________ the appointment for 10:00 in the
morning.
7.Try not to _________ any grammar mistakes in your writing.
8.Oh, dear! There is so much laundry to __________ !
9.She always ____________ the the dishes late at night.
10.I'll ____________ spaghetti for dinner. Do you like it?
Collocations and
expressions
SUMMARY
Collocations and
expressions
SUMMARY
RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE CLAUSE
◦ WHERE AND WHY WE USE THEM?

◦ Where do we use them? After a noun

◦ Why do we use them? To make it clear which person or thing we are

talking about

For example:
the library where we met
the book which he borrowed
RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE
CLAUSE
◦ WHERE AND WHY WE USE THEM?

◦ The part of the sentences that gives the information about the person or the thing is defining
relative clause
◦
◦ the man who lent me the book

the library where we met

RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE
CLAUSE
◦ WHICH RELATIVE PRONOUN MUST WE USE?
◦ 1. for people: who, that, whose, whom

◦ the man who /that lent me the book

◦
◦ the man whose book I borrowed
RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE
CLAUSE
◦ WHICH RELATIVE PRONOUN MUST WE USE?
◦ 1. for people: who, that, whose, whom
◦ The relative pronoun “’ whom”’ is only common in formal style:
the man whom I borrowed the book ( very formal)
It becomes less formal if you put the preposition at the end
the man whom I borrowed the book from (formal)
RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE
CLAUSE
◦ 2. for objects : which ,that, whose

◦ the book which/that I borrowed

the book which/that is entitled “The peace’”

The book whose title is “The peace””

RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE
CLAUSE
◦ 3.for places,time and reasons: where,when ,why ,that
◦ In informal English, you can use these relative pronouns. In formal English, use “which”’ with a preposition:
◦ the library where we met (informal)
◦ the library at which we met (formal)
◦ The day when/that we met (informal)
◦ The day on which we met (formal)
◦ The reason why /that I was at the library (informal)
◦ The reason for which I was at the library (formal)
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We use:

who and whom for people RELATIVE

which for things
that for people or things. CLAUSES
There are two kinds of relative clause:
Defining –gives extra information that we need to understand the sentence
and Non defining
-gives extra information that we don’t need to understand the sentence
1. We use relative clauses to make clear which person or thing we are talking
about:

Marie Curie is the woman who discovered radium.

This is the house which Jack built.

In this kind of relative clause, we can use that instead of who or which:
Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium.
This is the house that Jack built.
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We can leave out the pronoun if it is the object of the relative clause:

This is the house that Jack built. (that is the object of built) RELATIVE
The relative pronoun is the subject/object of the relative clause, so we do not CLAUSES
repeat the subject/object:

Marie Curie is the woman who she discovered radium.

(who is the subject of discovered, so we don't need she)

This is the house that Jack built it.

(that is the object of built, so we don't need it)

We also use relative clauses to give more information about a person, thing or
situation:

Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.

We had fish and chips, which I always enjoy.
I met Rebecca in town yesterday, which was a nice surprise.
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We use whose as the possessive form of who:

This is George, whose brother went to school with me.

RELATIVE
We sometimes use whom as the object of a verb or
preposition: CLAUSES
This is George, whom you met at our house last year.
(whom is the object of met)

This is George’s brother, with whom I went to school.

(whom is the object of with)

but nowadays we normally use who:

This is George, who you met at our house last year.

This is George’s brother, who I went to school with.
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We can use when with times and where with places to make it
clear which time or place we are talking about:
RELATIVE
England won the World Cup in 1966. It was the year when we
got married. CLAUSES
I remember my twentieth birthday. It was the day when the
tsunami happened.

Do you remember the place where we caught the train?

Stratford-upon-Avon is the town where Shakespeare was born.

We can leave out when:

England won the World Cup in 1966. It was the year we got
married.
I remember my twentieth birthday. It was the day the tsunami
happened.
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1. Economics is a subject _______I've never understood.
2. I want a mobile phone _________ takes good photos.
RELATIVE
3. I work in that big yellow building _______you can see over there. CLAUSES
4. Lee Harvey Oswald is the man ___________shot John F Kennedy.
5. Meryl Streep is the famous person _________ I'd most like to meet.
6. What's the name of the lady __________ is wearing the blue dress?
7. You need a coat ____________ will keep you warm this winter.
8. You're the most beautiful person ____________I've ever seen.
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The relative pronouns are:
RELATIVE
Subject Object Possessive
CLAUSES
who who/whom whose

which which whose SUMMARY

that that -

We use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses. Relative

clauses tell us more about people and things:

Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.

This is the house which Jack built.
Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium.
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