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4.chapter 3 - Coordinate Systems

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9 views25 pages

4.chapter 3 - Coordinate Systems

Uploaded by

bekele bedada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1

COORDINATE
SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 3
CONTENTS
2

 Geoid
 Ellipsoid
 Datum
 Rectangular Coordinates
 Spherical Coordinates
 Geodetic Coordinates
 Transformation Between Coordinates
 Transformation Between Datums
GEOID
3

A Geoid is the equipotential surface of the earth's


gravity field which best fits, in a least squares sense,
global mean sea level
REFERENCE ELLIPSOID
4

Reference ellipsoid is the mathematical


approximation of the earth surface
5

 Reference ellipsoid is most close to the geoid in


the least squares sense.
 The separation between ellipsoid and geoid is
known as Geoid undulation (N)
 Reference ellipsoid
→Global ellipsoid: WGS 84
→Local ellipsoid: Clarke 1880
GEOMETERY OF REFERENCE
ELLIPSOID
6

 Can be described by two parameters


1. Semi-major axis (a) → to define the size

and
2. One of the follwoing three parameters → to
define the shape
List of some reference ellipsoids
7
8
Ellipsoidal Planes
9

 Normal Plane
 Meridian Plane

 Meridian

 Parallel Plane

 Parallel circles
EXAMPLE
10

For the GRS 80 reference ellipsoid (a = 6378137 m e 2 =


0.0066943800229), calculate:
a) Semi-minor axis b
b) Geometrical flattening f
c) The second eccentricity e’2
d) Radius (R) of the mean earth sphere, i.e. a
sphere that has the same volume as the
reference ellipsoid
Datum
11

 Includes
 Axes origin
 Axes orientation

 Reference ellipsoid

 Constants related to it (w, GM)

 Local Datum (Adindan Datum)


 Global Datum (WGS 84)
 Geocentric and Non Geocentric Datum
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES (CARTESIAN
COORDINATES)
12
13

 Most commonly used Catersian coordinate system is


global geocentric with the following property
 The origin is the mass center of the earth
 Z aixs goes from the origin to mean north pole
 X axis is from the origin to the intersection of
equator and Greenwhich meridian
 Y axis obeys right hand rule with the respective
x and z axis
SPHERICAL COORDINATES
14
GEODETIC COORDINATES
15
TRANSFORMATION BETWEEN
16
COORDINATES
 B/n Cartesian and spherical cooridnates
Between Geodetic and Cartesian
17
 B/n Cartesian and Geodetic cooridnates
18 (ϕ, λ,h) → (X, Y, Z)

 If the point is on the reference ellipsoid


(X, Y, Z) →(ϕ, λ)
19

 If the point is not on the reference ellipsoid


(X, Y, Z) →(ϕ, λ,h)

But the latitude and height can not be directly


calculated.
Iterative methods or approximate methods can be
used
20
EXAMPLE
21

1. On the GRS 80 ellipsoid (a = 6378137 m;


1/f = 298.257222101), there is a point P with
geodetic coordinates:
ϕ = 15◦30’30’’, λ = 40◦30’20’’, h = 1860 m
Calculate:
a) the rectangular coordinates (x, y, z) of point
P
b) the spherical coordinates (r, ϕ, λ ) of P
2.
22
The 3D geocentric coordinates of a ground point P
have been determined in the Swedish reference system
SWEREF 99:
x = 3098882.1575 metre
y = 1011030.3371 metre
z = 5463967.2988 metre
Use the approximate formulas to compute the geodetic
coordinates (, , h) of point P with respect to GRS 80
reference ellipsoid (a = 6378137 metres; 1/f =
298.257222101; e2 = 0.0066943800229).
TRANSFORMATION BETWEEN TWO
23
DATUMS

δx, δy, δz → Translation parameters


α1, α2, α3 → Rotation parameters
S = 1+ δs → Scale factors
24
EXAMPLE
25
A station in Gondar has the following rectangular
coordinates in Adindan datum.
X= 4947698.895m ,Y= 3785315.561m , Z= 1374122.584
δx = -162 m , δy = -12 m , δz = 206 m
α1, = α2, = α3 = δs = 0

Compute the rectangular coordinates (X, Y, Z) of point in


WGS 84

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