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Tall Buildings

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20 views19 pages

Tall Buildings

Uploaded by

Syed K I
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structural Forms for Tall

Buildings
Structural Form
• Choice
• Internal planning
• Material and method of construction
• External architectural treatment
• Location and routing of service systems
• Nature and magnitude of lateral loads
• Height and proportions of the building
Need for appropriate forms
• Floor framing is dependant on the
span and is independent of the height
of the building
• Columns – neglecting lateral loads is
proportional to height
• Up to 10 stories – separate design not
required
• 10 to 50 stories - no requirement of
lateral load resisting system – columns
have to be strengthened
• >above 50 stories – structural systems
play an important role
Commercial vs residential
• Column less floor spaces • Floor plates overlap – columns
• Services have to be taken to the can be placed inside a floor
central core and then taken space
down vertically • Services can be taken vertically
• Clear floor height – reduces at many places
• 3.5 m • No change in clear floor heights
• 2.7 m
Commercial vs residential
Action, history and materials
• Vertical cantilevers
• Gravity loads to resist lateral loads to prevent tension
• Steel – high strength to weight ratio – fast construction
• Steel – disadvantage – fire – rust
• Concrete – conventionally restricted to 20 stories
• Concrete - Advent of shear walls and high performance concrete
• Composite
Braced frame structure
• Diagonal members and beams – web
• Columns – chord
• Diagonals – most cases – steel
• Beam – minimal contribution to resist lateral
loads
• Floor frame can be repeated
• Bracing can be done inside of a building
• Obstruction to planning, fenestrations and
appearance.
Rigid frame structures
• Moment resisting connection
• Ease of planning
• Maximum 25 stories for a bay of 6 m x 9 m
• Taller buildings – large sections
• Rigid joints – concrete; but steel – expensive
• Forces are higher at the base – beam sections increase
• Floor frames cannot be repeated
• Negative moment – midspan – negates material requirement –
when gravity load dictate design.
Infilled frame structures
• For up to 30 stories
• Infill – concrete, brick or block
• Strut – when loaded laterally
• Both interior and exterior
• Heterogeneity of material
• Uncertainty of removal of infills
• Supplementary systems
Flat plate and Flat slab
• 120 to 200 mm thick slabs
• 8 m to 12 m spans with drop panels
• RCC
• Uniform soffit – simple formwork
• Analogous to rigid frame structure
• Suitable for residential and hotels where
the flat soffit can be exploited
• Suitable for up to 25 stories
Shear wall structures
• Continuous vertical cantilevers
• Concrete or masonry
• Up to 35 stories
• Restrictive planning
• Suitable to residential and hotel
• Repetitive floor plates
• Good fire and acoustic insulators
• Coupled
Wall – frame structures
• Shear wall + Rigid frame
• Walls – flexure; frame – shear;
leads to constrained deflection
• 40 to 60 stories
• Tuned structure – floor frames
are uniform
Framed – tube structures
• Moment resisting tube
• Columns – 2 to 4 m spaced – connected by deep
spandrel beams
• Lateral load – tube
• Gravity load – tube and interior walls
• 40 to 100 stories
• Rectangular, triangular and circular plans
• Too closed columns – problem at base – transfer beams
• Façade – small windows – repetitive
• Tube in tube – internal elevator – service core
The Sears Tower – Bundled Tube Structures
Braced tube structures • Additional diagonal bracing
• Steel - Chicago’s John Hancock
Building
• Concrete - 780 Third Avenue
Building
Outrigger Braced Structures
• Central core = braced frames or
shear walls + Outrigger trusses
• Increased structural height
• Perimeter columns can also be
connected
• Two storey tall – generally have
plants
• 5 levels are economical
• 40 to 70 stories
Suspended structures
• Central core(s) + horizontal cantilevers – vertical
hangers – suspended floors
• Ground story – free of vertical members
• Hangars in tension – steel – sections are optimised
– free space
• Steel – fire and rust
• Disadvantage – load transfer
• Elongation of members due to extension of hangers
• Overcome by grouping
Core structures
• A single core + slabs as cantilevers or
supported at perimeter, and supported at a
lower floor
• Inefficient in resisting lateral loads
• Cantilevers are inefficient structural
component
• Column free perimeter at the ground floor
Space structures
• Inner core + inner frame
connected to an exterior space
frame at intervals
• Space frame = triangulated
members, complex in shape and
connection
• Difficult to provide fenestrations
• Eg. Hong Kong Bank of China

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