Feedback Control Systems (FCS)

Lecture-4
Mathematical Modelling of Electrical & Electronic Systems

1
 Outline of this Lecture

•Part-I: Electrical System

•Basic Elements of Electrical Systems
•Equations for Basic Elements
•Examples

•Part-II: Electronic System

•Operational Amplifiers
•Inverting vs Non-inverting
•Examples

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Part-I

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

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 Basic Elements of Electrical Systems

• The time domain expression relating voltage and current for the
resistor is given by Ohm’s law i-e

v R (t )  i R (t )R
• The Laplace transform of the above equation is

VR ( s )  I R ( s )R
 Basic Elements of Electrical Systems

• The time domain expression relating voltage and current for the
Capacitor is given as:

1
vc (t )   ic (t )dt
C
• The Laplace transform of the above equation (assuming there is no
charge stored in the capacitor) is
1
Vc ( s )  Ic (s)
Cs
 Basic Elements of Electrical Systems

• The time domain expression relating voltage and current for the
inductor is given as:
di L (t )
v L (t )  L
dt
• The Laplace transform of the above equation (assuming there is no
energy stored in inductor) is

VL ( s )  LsI L ( s )
 V-I and I-V relations
Component Symbol V-I Relation I-V Relation

Resistor v R (t )
v R (t )  i R (t )R iR (t ) 
R

Capacitor
1 dvc (t )
vc (t )   ic (t )dt ic (t )  C
C dt
Inductor
di L (t ) 1
v L (t )  L i L (t )   v L (t )dt
dt L

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 Example#1
• The two-port network shown in the following figure has vi(t) as
the input voltage and vo(t) as the output voltage. Find the
transfer function Vo(s)/Vi(s) of the network.

vi( t) i(t) C vo(t)

1
vi ( t )  i ( t ) R   i( t )dt
C
1
vo ( t )   i( t )dt
C
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 Example#1
1 1
vi ( t )  i ( t ) R   i( t )dt vo ( t )   i( t )dt
C C
• Taking Laplace transform of both equations, considering initial
conditions to zero.

1 1
Vi ( s )  I ( s ) R  I (s) Vo ( s )  I (s)
Cs Cs

• Re-arrange both equations as:

1
Vi ( s )  I ( s )( R  ) CsVo ( s )  I ( s )
Cs

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 Example#1
1
Vi ( s )  I ( s )( R  ) CsVo ( s )  I ( s )
Cs
• Substitute I(s) in equation on left

1
Vi ( s )  CsVo ( s )( R  )
Cs

Vo ( s ) 1

Vi ( s ) 1
Cs( R  )
Cs

Vo ( s ) 1

Vi ( s ) 1  RCs
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 Example#1
Vo ( s ) 1

Vi ( s ) 1  RCs

• The system has one pole at

1
1  RCs  0 s
RC

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 Example#2
• Design an Electrical system that would place a pole at -3 if
added to another system.

Vo ( s ) 1

Vi ( s ) 1  RCs vi( t) i(t) C v2(t)

• System has one pole at

1
s
RC
• Therefore,

1
  3 if R  1 M and C  333 pF
RC
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 Example#3
• Find the transfer function G(S) of the following
two port network.

vi(t) i(t) C vo(t)

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 Example#3
• Simplify network by replacing multiple components with
their equivalent transform impedance.

Z
Vi(s) I(s) C Vo(s)

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Transform Impedance (Resistor)

iR(t) IR(S)
+ +
Transformation
vR(t) ZR = R VR(S)

- -

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Transform Impedance (Inductor)

IL(S)
iL(t)
+ +

vL(t) ZL=LS VL(S)

LiL(0)
-
-

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Transform Impedance (Capacitor)

ic(t) Ic(S)
+ +

vc(t) ZC(S)=1/CS Vc(S)

- -

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 Equivalent Transform Impedance (Series)
• Consider following arrangement, find out equivalent
transform impedance.

L
ZT  Z R  Z L  Z C
C
1
Z T  R  Ls  R

Cs

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Equivalent Transform Impedance (Parallel)

1 1 1 1
  
ZT Z R Z L ZC L

1 1 1 1 C
  
ZT R Ls 1
R
Cs

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 Equivalent Transform Impedance
• Find out equivalent transform impedance of
following arrangement.
L2

L2
R1 R2

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 Back to Example#3

L
Z

Vi(s) I(s) C Vo(s)

1 1 1
 
Z ZR ZL

1 1 1
 
Z R Ls

RLs
Z
1  RLs
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 Example#3
RLs
Z
1  RLs
L
Z

Vi(s) I(s) C Vo(s)

1 1
Vi ( s )  I ( s )Z  I (s) Vo ( s )  I (s)
Cs Cs

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 Example#4
• Find transfer function Vout(s)/Vin(s) of the following electrical
network

R
Vin C Vout
L

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 Example#5
• Find transfer function Vout(s)/Vin(s) of the following electrical
network
C1

R
Vin C3 Vout
L
C2

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Part-II

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

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 Operational Amplifiers

Vout Z2 Vout Z2
  1
Vin Z1 Vin Z1

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 Example#6
• Find out the transfer function of the following
circuit.

Vout Z2

Vin Z1
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 Example#7
• Find out the transfer function of the following
circuit.

v1

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 Example#8
• Find out the transfer function of the following
circuit.

v1

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 Example#9
• Find out the transfer function of the following
circuit and draw the pole zero map.

100kΩ

10kΩ

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