MANAGEMENT INFORMATION

SYSTEM – KMBN 208

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MIS – INTRODUCTION &

SYSTEM
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Management Information Systems - Need, Purpose and Objectives

What is Management Information System?

The word 'MIS' is not new, only its automation is new earlier the MIS management information
system was used as a resources of information by the managers. This information would allow
them to plan and control different operation used in organization now, since the MIS is
computerized ,it has increased its accuracy and speed which has allowed more alternatives
which solving problem as well as decision making.

Management information system (MIS) can be described as an integrated computer system:

Generally and following information is generated:

1. Descriptive
2. Diagnostic
3. predictive
4. Prescriptive
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MIS - Information Need & Objective

Following factors states few common factors that reflect on the needs and objectives:

• Increasing impact of information processing for organizational decision making.

• Dependency of services sector including banking, financial organization, health care,
entertainment, tourism and travel, education and numerous others on information.
• Information revolution and the overall development scenario.
• Growth of IT industry and its strategic importance.
• Strong growth of information services fuelled by increasing competition and reduced product
life cycle.
• Need for sustainable development and quality of life.
• Improvement in communication and transportation brought in by use of information
processing.
• Use of information processing in reduction of energy consumption, reduction in pollution and
a better ecological balance in future.
• Use of information processing in land record managements, legal delivery system,
educational institutions, natural resource planning, customer relation management and so
on.
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Contemporary Approaches to MIS

Information systems are sociotechnical systems.

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Contemporary Approaches to MIS

Information systems are sociotechnical systems. Though they are composed of

machines, devices, and “hard” physical technology, they require substantial social,
organizational, and intellectual investments to make them work properly.

In the sociotechnical view of systems, optimal organizational performance is

achieved by jointly optimizing both the social and technical systems used in
production.

Technology must be changed and designed, sometimes even "de-optimized," to fit

organizational and individual needs.
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Technical Approach:
The technical approach to information systems emphasizes mathematically based
models to study information systems, as well as the physical technology and
formal capabilities of these systems. The disciplines that contribute to the
technical approach are computer science, management science, and operations
research.

Behavioral Approach:
An important part of the information systems field is concerned with behavioral
issues that arise in the development and long-term maintenance of information
systems. Issues such as strategic business integration, design, implementation,
utilization, and management cannot be explored usefully with the models used in
the technical approach
For instance, sociologists study information systems with an eye toward how
groups and organizations shape the development of systems, and how systems
affect individuals, groups, and organizations. Psychologists study information
systems with an interest in how human decision makers perceive and use formal
information.
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The information revolution is affecting competition in three vital ways:
1.It changes industry structure and, in so doing, alters the rules of
competition.
2.It creates competitive advantage by giving companies new ways to
outperform their rivals.
3.It spawns whole new businesses, often from within a company’s existing
operations.

A company gains competitive advantage by providing a product or service

in a way that customers gain more value than with a competitor.

However, it is not information technology that gives a company a

competitive advantage; it’s the way they use information technology that
makes the difference.
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Information technology is changing the way companies operate. It is affecting the
entire process by which companies create their products.

An important concept that highlights the role of information technology in

competition is the “value chain.”1

SOURCE: HBR
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A company’s value chain is a system of interdependent activities, which are
connected by linkages. Linkages exist when the way in which one activity is
performed affects the cost or effectiveness of other activities.

The value chain for a company in a particular industry is embedded in a larger

stream of activities that we term the “value system” (see Exhibit II).

SOURCE: HBR
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MIS as an instrument for the organizational change (Transforming the value chain):
Information technology is permeating the value chain at every point, transforming the way
value activities are performed and the nature of the linkages among them. It also is affecting
competitive scope and reshaping the way products meet buyer needs. These basic effects
explain why information technology has acquired strategic significance and is different from the
many other technologies businesses use.

SOURCE: HBR
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SOURCE: HBR
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SOURCE: HBR
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Information Technology – Characteristics and emerging trends:

Emerging Trends in Information Technology

21st century has been defined by application of and advancement in information

technology. Information technology has become an integral part of our daily life.
According to Information Technology Association of America, information technology
is defined as “the study, design, development, application, implementation, support
or management of computer-based information systems.”

Information technology has served as a big change agent – Business & Society

It has proven game changer in resolving economic and social issues.

Some of the trends in the information technology are as follows:

• Cloud Computing:
• Mobile Application:
• User Interfaces:
• Analytics:

SOURCE: HBR
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Emerging Trends in Information Technology (cont.….)

• Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Block-chain
• Computer Vision
• Customer Data Platforms
• Cyber-security Mesh
• Digital Health
• IoB (Internet of Behaviors)
• Quantum Computing
• Robotic Process Automation (RPA
• Spatial Computing
• 5G in Everyday Life

SOURCE: HBR
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1. Cloud Computing:

Clouding computing is defined as utilization of computing services, i.e. software as well

as hardware as a service over a network. Typically, this network is the internet.

Cloud computing offers 3 types of broad services mainly

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) and
3. Software as a Service (SaaS).
Some of the benefit of cloud computing is as follows:
• Cloud computing reduces IT infrastructure cost of the company.
• Cloud computing promotes the concept of virtualization, which enables server
and storage device to be utilized across organization.
• Cloud computing makes maintenance of software and hardware easier as
installation is not required on each end user’s computer.
# Some issues concerning cloud computing are privacy, compliance, security, legal, abuse, IT
governance, etc.

SOURCE: HBR
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2. Mobile Application:

Another emerging trend within information technology is mobile applications

(software application on Smart Phone, Tablet, etc.) Mobile application or mobile app
has become a success since its introduction. They are designed to run on
Smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices. They are available as a download from
various mobile operating systems like Apple, Android, Google, etc.

# Some of the mobile app are available free where as some involve download cost. The
revenue collected is shared between app distributor and app developer.

SOURCE: HBR
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3. User Interfaces:

User interface has undergone a revolution since introduction of touch screen. The
touch screen capability has revolutionized way end users interact with application.
Touch screen enables the user to directly interact with what is displayed and also
removes any intermediate hand-held device like the mouse. Touch screen capability is
utilized in smart phones, tablet, laptops, information kiosks and other information
appliances.

SOURCE: HBR
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4. Analytics:

The field of analytics has grown many folds in recent years. Analytics is a process which
helps in discovering the informational patterns with data. The field of analytics is a
combination of statistics, computer programming and operations research.

The field of analytics has shown growth in the field of:

• Data Analytics: Data analytics is tool used to support decision-making process. It
converts raw data into meaningful information.
• Predictive Analytics: Predictive analytics is tool used to predict future
• Social Analytics: Social media analytics is tool used by companies to understand
and accommodate customer needs.

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SOURCE: HBR
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IT Capabilities and their organizational impact

"Many of the impacts of Information Technology are straightforward. But they are not
necessarily obvious, nor are they trivial"
Information technology (IT) is dramatically changing the business landscape. Although
organization cultures and business strategies shape the use of IT in organizations, more
often the influence is stronger the other way round. IT significantly affects strategic
options and creates opportunities and issues that managers need to address in many
aspects of their business.

• Business strategy - collapsing time and distance, enabling electronic commerce

• Organization Culture - encouraging the free flow of information
• Organization Structures - making networking and virtual corporations a reality
• Management Processes - providing support for complex decision making processes
• Work - dramatically changing the nature of professional, and now managerial work
• The workplace - allowing work from home and on the move, as in telework

SOURCE: HBR
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IT Capabilities and their organizational impact

Business Strategy: IT creates new opportunities for innovation in products and

services. Services which used to be delivered in person can now be delivered over
networks. Among the key levers are:

• Re-sequencing
• Simultaneity
• Time extension
• Portability
• Reusability

Organization Culture: Newer types of IT such as electronic mail and groupware are
creating significant changes in the way that information flows around group ware, and
between them and their customers and suppliers. It can hasten the development of
more open and innovative cultures. However, as experts like Davenport warns, and
surveys from companies like Reuters confirm, the notion that "information is power"
still reigns large in many group

SOURCE: HBR
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IT Capabilities and their organizational impact

Organization Structures: For many years it has been argued that IT will enable larger
spans of control and the flattening of group ware. This has at last happened, but due
as much to initiatives like BPR (business process reengineering) and the drive to cut
costs. Research on whether IT encourages centralization decentralizations produced
ambivalent results. Many companies have centralized clock room operations (for
efficiency) while at the same time decentralizing their activities. It now seems clear
that IT enables a greater variety of structures.

Management Processes: IT is rapidly entering the era where it supports unstructured

management processes as well as highly routinized business processes. It provides
more effective ways of accessing information from multiple sources, including use of
external information on databases and the Internet.
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IT Capabilities and their organizational impact

Work: IT is dramatically changing the nature of professional work. There are few
offices where professional do not make use of personal computers, and in many jobs
involving extensive information and knowledge based work, the use of the computer is
often a core activity. Becoming effective not only requires traditional skills of
organizing, thinking, writing etc.,

The Workplace: The way in which IT diminishes the effect of distance means that it
creates a variety of options for reorganizing the workplace. At a basic level, it can
provide more flexibility in the office, allowing desk sharing and a degree of location
independence within a building
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Information Technology Enabled Services (ITeS)
IT enabled Services (ITeS), also called web enabled services or remote services or Tele-
working, covers the entire gamut of operations which
exploit information technology for improving efficiency of an organization. These
services provide a wide range of career options that include opportunities in call
Centre, medical transcription, medical billing and coding, back office operations,
revenue claims processing, legal databases, content development, payrolls,
logistics management, GIS (Geographical Information System), HR services, web
services etc. Technology that enables the business by improving the quality of service
Information
is IT enabled services. The most important aspect is the Value addition of IT enabled
service. The value addition could be in the form of -
Customer relationship management, improved database, improved look and feel, etc.
The outcome of an IT enabled service is in the two forms:

• Direct Improved Service

• Indirect Benefits.
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Information Technology Enabled Services (ITeS)
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Information Technology Enabled Services (ITeS) Processes and Services
ITeS provide a range of IT-intensive processes and services, which includes
business process outsourcing (BPO) and knowledge process outsourcing (KPO),
provided from a distant location and delivered over telecom networks. ITeS focus on
verticals such as content management, finance and accounts, research and analytics
segment. ITeS includes
• Customer Interaction services
• Back office operations
• Transcription/Translation services
• Content development/animation/engineering/design and GIS
• Other services including remote education, data
• Telemarketing
• Helpdesk
• Customer Support Centers
• Data Ware House
• Transcription Centers
• GIS Mapping for Transport tracking
• Electronic Distribution.

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Information Technology Enabled Services (ITeS) Processes and Services

Importance of Transaction Processing System

1. Handling and Managing Operations: TPS is an excellent technology in handling and managing
the everyday operations of any given organization. It allows multitasking at a wider level with an
unmatched ability to process thousands of transactions at the same time without any delay or
break-down.
2 Tapping the Raw Markets: TPS is a carrier tool for any business since it gives businesses the
freedom to operate in different segments of society by working remotely. This operability gives
the businesses an opportunity to tap, exist and grow in newer markets that are raw and full of
opportunities.
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Information Technology Enabled Services (ITeS) Processes and Services
What are the Main Characteristics (Features) of a Transaction Processing System?
• Reliability:
• Fast Response
• Similar Structure and Integrity:
• Authorised Control:
• User-friendliness:
How does a Transaction Processing System work?
1 Processing in a Batch:
2 Processing in real-time:
Transaction Processing System Components
1. Inputs typically include:
• invoices
• bills
• coupons
• custom orders
2. Processing system: The processing system reads each input and creates a useful
output, such as a receipt. This element can help you define the input data and what
the output should be.
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Information Technology Enabled Services (ITeS) Processes and Services

Transaction Processing System Components (cont….)

3. Storage: The storage component of TPS refers to where a company keeps its input
and output data. Some companies store these documents in a database. The storage
component ensures the organization, security and accessibility of every document for
later use.

4. Outputs: TPS outputs are documents the system generates once it completes
processing all inputs, such as receipts the company stores in its records. These
documents can help validate a sale or transaction and provide important reference
information for tax and other official purposes.
TPS Benefits
Increased Transaction Speeds:
Improved Cost Efficiency:
Improved Reliability:
Automated Management:
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Information, Management and Decision Making Attributes of information
and its relevance to Decision Making

The role of information in decision making cannot be overemphasized. Effective

decision making demands accurate, timely and relevant information. MIS provides
accurate and timely information necessary to facilitate the decision-making process
and enable the organizations planning, control, and operational functions to be carried
out effectively.
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Attributes of information and its relevance to Decision Making
1. Promptness in Availability and Updation

2. Accuracy

3. Precision

4. Completeness

5. Unambiguity
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Types of information
1. Promptness in Availability and Updation

2. Accuracy

3. Precision

4. Completeness

5. Unambiguity
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Managing Data Resources

What is Data Management?:

Data management refers to the professional practice of constructing and maintaining a
framework for ingesting, storing, mining, and archiving the data integral to a modern
business. Data management is the spine that connects all segments of the information
lifecycle.
Types of Data Management:
Data management experts generally focus on specialties within the field. These
specialties can fall under one or more of the following areas:

1. Master Data Management

2. Data Stewardship
3. Data Quality Management
4. Data Security (DevSecOps)
5. Data Governance
6. Big Data Management
7. Data warehousing
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Managing Data Resources

Data Management Challenges:

All these benefits don’t come without climbing some hills. The ever-growing, rolling
landscape of information technology is constantly changing and data managers will
encounter plenty of challenges along the way.
There are four key data management challenges to anticipate:

1. The amount of Data can be (at least temporarily) Overwhelming

2. Many Organizations Silo Data Quality Management
3. The journey from Unstructured Data to Structured Data can be steep
4. Managing the culture is essential to managing data
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Managing Data Resources
Data Management Best Practices:
All these benefits don’t come without climbing some hills. The ever-growing, rolling
landscape of information technology is constantly changing and data managers will
encounter plenty of challenges along the way.

1. Make a plan (DMP)

DMPs present the organization’s overarching strategy for data management to
investors, auditors, and other involved parties
The best DMPs define granular details, including:
Preferred file formats
Naming conventions
Access parameters for various stakeholders
Backup and archiving processes
Defined partners and the terms and services they provide
Thorough documentation
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Managing Data Resources

2. Store your Data

It begins by determining if your storage needs best suit a data warehouse or a
data lake (or both), and whether the company’s data belongs on-premises or
in the cloud.

• Security and Backups

• Documentation is Key

Readable documentation outlining security and backup procedures will give the next
team a fighting chance to pick up where they left off. Without it, knowledge resides
exclusively with holders who may or may not be part of a long-term data management
approach.
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Managing Data Resources

3. Share your Data:

After all the plans are laid for storing, securing, and documenting your data

Here are some critical questions to answer before other people access potentially
critical information:
1. Who owns the data?
2. Can it be copied?
3. Has everyone contributing to the data consented to share it with others?
4. Who can access it and at what times?
5. Are there copyrights, corporate secrets, proprietary intellectual property, or other
off-limits information in the data set?
6. What else does the organization’s data reveal about itself?

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Data Consistency:

Data consistency means that the changes made to the different occurrences of data
should be controlled and managed in such a way that all the occurrences have the
same value for any specific data item.
Types of Data Consistency:
• Point in time consistency
• Transaction consistency
• Application consistency

Data Inconsistency:
Definition: Data inconsistency meaning is that different versions of the same data
appear in different places. (like you store name of user in every table instead of their
ID).

For example, the PIN code is saved in one table as 0000-00 numeric data format; while
in another table it may be represented in 000000.
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Data Administration
Database administration refers to the set of activities that are performed by a
database administrator ensuring a 24*7 availability of databases to be used as and
when required. The primary database administration is to maintain and manage the
database management system software.

Roles of Database Administrator in DBMS:

The roles of a database administrator are quite a crucial one. From managing and
maintaining databases to ensuring zero data loss, there are several roles that a
database administrator fulfills. Some of the primary roles include:

1. Designing, Implementing, and Maintaining

2. Policy Establishing Role
3. Training and Development
4. Conflict Resolution
5. Database Backup
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Types of Database Administration
There are a large number of DBAs that exist in the system and can be customized as
per specific organizational needs. However, there are 8 broad categories that apply
generally to all organizations.

1.System DBA:
2. Database Architect:
3. Database analyst:
4. Application DBA:
5. Task-oriented DBAs:
6. Performance Analysts:
7. Data Warehouse Administrator:
8. Cloud DBA:

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Database Administrator Responsibilities

Some of the major responsibilities of a database administrator are:

1. Creating and administering databases by identifying user needs
2. Ensuring efficient, effective, and error-free operation of the database
3. Consistently testing the database for adding any new modifications that may be
required as per user needs
4. Regular maintenance of database and permissions related to updating
5. Consolidating multiple databases into a refreshed and larger one
6. Ensure data restoration and 24*7 back up to avoid any data loss

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Database Management System – Concepts and types of DBMS

A database management system (or DBMS) is essentially nothing more than a

computerized data-keeping system. Users of the system are given facilities to perform
several kinds of operations on such a system for either manipulation of the data in the
database or the management of the database structure itself. Database Management
Systems (DBMSs) are categorized according to their data structures or types.

Database Management System:

• Database management system is software which is used to manage the database.
For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc. are a very popular commercial database which is
used in different applications.
• DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation,
storing data in it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more.
• It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of multiple users, it
also maintains data consistency.
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Database Management System – Concepts and types of DBMS
Characteristics of DBMS:
It uses a digital repository established on a server to store and manage the
information.
It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that manipulates data.
DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery procedures.
It contains ACID properties which maintain data in a healthy state in case of failure.
It can reduce the complex relationship between data.
It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.
It is used to provide security of data.
It can view the database from different viewpoints according to the requirements of
the user.
Types of DBMS
The types of DBMS based on data model are as follows −
• Relational database (SQL-Structured Query Language )
• Object oriented database.
• Hierarchical database.
• Network database.
• Non-Relational (NoSQL) Database
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Database Management System – Concepts and types of DBMS
Relation Database:
A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a system where data is
organized in two-dimensional tables using rows and columns. This is one of the most
popular data models which are used in industries. It is based on SQL. Every table in a
database has a key field which uniquely identifies each record. This type of system is
the most widely used DBMS.

Std. ID Name City

201 Bob Hyderabad

204 Lucky Chennai

205 Pinky Bangalore

For example − Oracle Database, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server etc.

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Database Management System – Concepts and types of DBMS
Object Oriented Database:
• It is a system where information or data is represented in the form of objects which
is used in object-oriented programming.
• It is a combination of relational database concepts and object-oriented principles.
Relational database concepts are concurrency control, transactions, etc.
• OOPs principles are data encapsulation (concept that bind a group of related
properties, functions, and other members are treated as a single unit), inheritance
(the procedure in which one class inherits the attributes and methods of another
class), and polymorphism (occurs when a parent class reference is used to refer to a
child class object).
• It requires less code and is easy to maintain.

For example − Object DB software.

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Database Management System – Concepts and types of DBMS
Object Oriented Database:
• It is a system where information or data is represented in the form of objects which
is used in object-oriented programming.
• It is a combination of relational database concepts and object-oriented principles.
Relational database concepts are concurrency control, transactions, etc.
• OOPs principles are data encapsulation (concept that bind a group of related
properties, functions, and other members are treated as a single unit), inheritance
(the procedure in which one class inherits the attributes and methods of another
class), and polymorphism (occurs when a parent class reference is used to refer to a
child class object).
• It requires less code and is easy to maintain.

For example − Object DB software.

Th a n k y o u