Introduction

Difference Between Conventional & CNC M/cing

All operatione ere perfotmed hlenually : All Operations are performed
Man Conttolled automaticelly: Computer Couttolled
Production Time Very High: Dne tri lot Productiou Time qiiite low: dne to
of time wnstagen during opecuti removal of inefiicieot time eucii ss:
repeated meastiremen Chip removal,
Tool change over etc.
Acciimcy Depends on Human Accuzacy doesn't depcads oa Humaa
skill and hence unskilled person can aleo
operete the machine once machine
setting is over.

Consistency in the quality of products Yields consisteni quality products.

cannot be achieved.

Complicated prof4e mačhining vezy Can easily be machined because the

difEcelt to mqchine at even sometimcs movements of the machine is conttulled
impossible ta mučtdz•c. by o program.
Very low flexibility or adaptability of new High flexibility for new components
compouen*sormod5cmMne or modifications.
Workpieee clamping and tool mounting Quiek aeting wotkpiece elamping
methods quite slow in operation. and
Mochanicsd eyeteme are commonly used. tool mounting methods adopted auch
aa hydrsutic end pne tmatie ayatema.
Not paasible. Consiatency in the cyčle time of pzaduct

Manufactuzing eost quite žzigh. As q whole maaufacture of preducts at «

reduced cost is possible.
Low initial investments High initial inveetments
One person can operate only one One person can operate more than one
Machine ut a time euch machines ai a iime
DiCerence Between I>ithe & Stilling
Lathe
Two axis Machine extendable to $- Three Axis Machine extendable to 6-
axts.
Generally £lenerally flat or contoured surfaces are
genemted. generated.
Principal
Motions: Longitudinal (X), Transverse
Lon (Y) and Vertical (Z) trnvel
+u&nM of Workpiece
(A) W RotRtiooal h4otion of Tool generally
Tmnsvem Z-axis
e Multiple point cutting tools are used.
mve!
oSToo!
Consists of a ATC
Rotational
to accommodate
Motion of
number of tools. The tools
Workpiece
about are changed really usin
a
 Lathe Milling
W/p ie clamped either on a chuck or W/p is clamped on the machine bed in
by a collect system. vise or ptoper fixturing arrangements.
May have more than one spindle for May have more than one pallets for
• INTRODUCTION
• FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
• INSTRUCTION
 1.
INTRODUCTION
• Ways of Machïning
• Parts of CNC Machine
• Working Methods of CNC
 Ways of Machining

• Conventional or Traditional
• Numerical Control (NC)
• Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
 Difficulties with Conventional
System
• Complex shapes are difficult to machine
• Depends on the human skill
• Frequent & repeated measurements are required
• Difficult to achieve consistency in product quality
• High Changeover Time
• Less productive hours
• More scrap is generated
 Current arket
Deman
• High quality products
0 at 0
Lowest cost
0 in 0
Minimum time
0 with 0
wide range of variety
 Parts of C/CNC
Machine
I
• Programming
_ _
• Unit I
• I
• .I
•• II
•
)•Machi•ne Control
Cjy Uni•t.y
ii
Ii

. . .
 Programming nit

• Programmer
• Computer system
• User Interface devïce
• Data Storage and Transfer facility
 achine Control
•
nit
Tape Reader
• Data Buffer
• Signal Output Channels to Machine Tool
• Feedback channels from the Machine Tool
 Machine Tool
• Actuation System
—Stepper motor/servomotor
—Ball Screw & nut with support bearing
Feed back devices on closed loop system
—Linear Bearing
• Tool & Work handling Devices
—Automatic Tool Changers (ATCs)
Turret Head
—Automatic Pallet Changers
—Hydraulic/Pneumatic Tool/Work
Clamping System
 Machine Tool
• Actuation System
—Stepper motor/servomotor
—Ball Screw & nut with support bearing
Feed back devices on closed loop system
—Linear Bearing
• Tool & Work handling Devices
—Automatic Tool Changers (ATCs)
Turret Head
—Automatic Pallet Changers
—Hydraulic/Pneumatic Tool/Work
Clamping System
 2. Fundamental Principles
• Coordinate System
• Longitudinal Motion
• Transverse Motion
• Dimensioning
System
• Absolute
• Incremental
• Mixed
• Reference System
• Machine Reference
• Work Reference
 Instruction or program
• Introduction
N 10 X 50.0 Z 25.0 ; Block
G 00
Block No. Words End of Block

G 00 Dat
a
Address
 Compare & Contrast Fanuc & Heidenhain
Fanuc Heidenhein
Program Logic & Structure for the both the eyeiome are aame only the writing format ia

Both uses G & M Codes for writing the pnogtems.

Standard alot milling, milling Ttiene available «e rim atandeid G-Code

pocket cycles.
cycles not available.
Siondard functions for mirroring, Standard functions for mirroring etc are
Corner wounding, corner chamfeziog etc a
able.

Program number starts with the tetter Doesn't.

Requires block termination or end of Doesn't

btock ' ; *
Requires '.' in the values doesn't
numerical
such as 20.1$ or 28.0
 Basic Program Structure

• Working unit
—Mm: G71
—Inch: G70
• Working Plane
XY: G17
—ZX: G18
—YZ: G19
• Dimensi
oning

method
Absolut
e: G90
 Simple Example Program (Absolute)
% 101 G71
N05 G90 G17
N10 G30 X0 Y0 Z-10
N20 G31 X100 Y100 ZO
N30 G99 T1 LO R5
N40 M06 T1
N50 M03 S2000
N60 G90 G00
X20 Y20
N62 G01 Z5 F250
N65 G01 ZO F100
N70 G01 Z-1 F50 20 60
N80 G01 X80
Y20F100
N90 Y80 X80
N100 X20
N110 Y20
N120 G00 Z5
 Simple Example Program (Incremental)
O
o 1 02 G71
N05 G90 G17
N1 0 G30 X-50 Y-50 Z-
10 N20 G31 X50 Y50
ZO N30 G99 T1 LO R3
N40 M06 T1
N50 M03 S2000
N60 G90 G00
X-40 Y0 Z10
N65 G01 ZO
F500 N70 G01 Z-
1 F50 N80 G91
Y-40
N90 X80
N1 00 Y80
N110 X-80
N1 20 Y-
40
N130 G00
 Example Program
• Use of G02/G03
• Use of G40/G41/G42
• Use of Tangential Approach
O
o 1 0 3 G71
N10 G90 G17
N20 G30 X-30 Y-30 Z-20
N30 G31 X30 Y30 ZO
N40 G99 T1 LO R7
6.0 5
N50 M06 T1
N60 M03 S2000
50
N70 G90 G00 Z50
N80 G00 X0 Y-55
Ø30 0
N90 G01 Z1 F500
N95 ZO F50
N100 G41 Z-5 F50
N110 G03 X0 Y-25
R15 F300
 Contd..
N140 G98 L3
N15O G17 G91 Y-15
N133 GOO G90 Z+1
M99 N134 L3.2
N135 G98 L4
N136 G17 G91 X-15
10
N137 GOO G9O Z+1
10
M99 N134 L4.2
N140 GOO Z1
M99 N142 GOO
Z10 N144 G98 LO
N145 MOS
N150 M30
N9999 %1005
G71
 Depth of Cut Increment
Method
%1002 G71
N100 G17 G90 0.0
N200 G30 X-45 Y-45 Z-15
N300 G31 X+4S Y+45 Z+0
N400 G99 T1 L+0 R+7 10
N500 G00 G40 G90
N600 T1 M06
N700 S1000 M03
N800 G00 X-S5 Y+0 Z+10
N900 Z+0 .0
N1000 G98 L1
N1100 G01 G41 G91 Z-1 F100
N1200 G90 X-30 Y+0 F80
N1300 X-30 Y+20
N14OO X-20 Y+30
N141O X2O Y3O
N15OO GO2 X+30 Y+20 R+10
N16OO GO1 X3O Y-20
N170O GO2 X+20 Y-30 R+10
N180O GO1 X-20 Y-30
N185O X-30 Y-20
N186O X-30 Y0
N187O GO G4O X-55 YO
N1900 L1.4
N2000 G98 LO
N2100 G40
Z+20 N2200
M30
N9999 %1002
G71
 Linear circular polar
Method
%1003 G71
N2O G17
N40 G17 G30 G9O X+0 Y+0 Z-10
N6O G31 G9O X+100 Y+100 Z+0
N8O G99 T1 L+0 R+3
N90 T1
N110 G01 M06
N120 S2000
N140 G01 M03
N18O G00 G90
X+20 Y+20 Z+5
N200 GO1 G90 Z-1 FSO
N220 G9O I+20 J+20 G29
N240 G11 G90 R+80 H+45 F100
N260 G90 I+50 J+50 G29
N280 G12 G90 H-55
N300 GO7 G90 X+20 F60
N320 GOO G90 Z+5
N340 GO1 M30
N9999 %1003 G71
Writing Format:
G83 P01.... P02.... PO3.... P04.... P05....
Where;
P01: Setup Clearance
P02: Total Depth
P03: Pecking Depth
P04: Dwell Time (in
P0
Sec 1

nds)
P05: Feed Rate
P
%1005 G71
N05 G17 G90
N10 G30 X-45 Y-45 Z-15
N20 G31 X+45 Y+45 Z0
N30 G99 T1 L+0 R+4
N31M06 T1
N32 M03 S2000
N40 G90 G40 G00 X-40 Y-
30 N45 G01 Z10 F800
N50 G01 Z3 F100
N60 G83 P01 -1 P02 -5 P03 -1P04 0.1P05
100 N65 Z1 M99
N70 G98 L1
N80 G17 X-40 Y30
G90 N90 G00 Z1 M99
N100 G98 L2
N110 G17 G91 G01
X10 F100
N120 G90 G00 Z1
M99 N130 L2.5
 Contd..
N140 G98 L3
N15O G17 G91 Y-15
N133 GOO G90 Z+1
M99 N134 L3.2
N135 G98 L4
N136 G17 G91 X-15
10
N137 GOO G9O Z+1
10
M99 N134 L4.2
N140 GOO Z1
M99 N142 GOO
Z10 N144 G98 LO
N145 MOS
N150 M30
N9999 %1005
G71
 Writing Format
G75 P01... P02 ... P03 ... P04 ... P05 ... P06 ... P07 ...
P01: Setup Clearance
P02: Total Depth
P03: Peckng Depth
P04: Feed Rate in Z-
axis
P05: 1st Side Length of Pocket
P06: 2nd Side Length of Pocket
P07: Feed Rate for Cutting

G75 : Rectangular Pocket Milling Clockwise G76:

Rectangular Pocket Milling Anti Clockwise
%1æ8
o7l
N05 G17 G90
N10 G30 X0 Yfi Z-I5
N20 G31 X+90 Y+90
ZO N30 G9S TI I.+0
R+3 N40 G4fi GS8
N50 5103 SISŒI
N60 Gù0 X2O
Y2G
NHS G0) Z10
F230
Nó 8 G00 Z3
N70 G74 P0l —3 P02 —5 P03
—1 P04 50 P05 X+40 P06 Y+10
P07 100 NS0 G00 K3 hI99
N100 GS0 120 J20 GU R60 H9
5199
N l l 0 G00 Zl0
G74 POI... B02 ... P03 ...
P0l: Setup
Clearance P02: Total
Depth P03: Pecking
Depth
P04: Feed Rate in Z-
axis
POS: 1 Side I.ength of Slot
st

P06: 2•‘ Side I.enyth of

Slot POS:Feed Rate for

Cutting
%1æ8
o7l
N05 G17 G90
N10 G30 X0 Yfi Z-I5
N20 G31 X+90 Y+90
ZO N30 G9S TI I.+0
R+3 N40 G4fi GS8
N50 5103 SISŒI
N60 Gù0 X2O
Y2G
NHS G0) Z10
F230
Nó 8 G00 Z3
N70 G74 P0l —3 P02 —5 P03
—1 P04 50 P05 X+40 P06 Y+10
P07 100 NS0 G00 K3 hI99
N100 GS0 120 J20 GU R60 H9
5199
N l l 0 G00 Zl0
&rifing Format
Gã8 X
V'here, X is the name Gif æxìs ìn which mirroring wilì take
place
%1010 G71
N05 G17 G90
N10 G17 G30
X-50 Y-50 Z-
10
N20 G31 X+50 Y+50 Z+0
N30 G99 T1 L+0 R+3 N40
T1 M06
N40 G40 G90
N50 S1500 M03
N60 G90 X+0 Y+0 Z+5
N70 G98 L150
N80 G00 X+10 Y+10
N82 G01 Z+5 F500
N100 G01 X+20 Y+10 F100
N110 G01 X+20 Y+15
N112 X15 Y15
N114 Y25 N116
X30 N118 Y30
N120 X10
N122 Y10
N124 GOO Z+5
N140 G98 LO
N150 G28 X L150
N160 G28 X Y L150
N170 G28 Y L150
N18O GOO Z+5
N200 M05 GOO 220
N100 M30