Presentation Presented

By
Shamanth SH 05-02-2015
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Physics
3. Newton's Three Laws of Motion
4. Forces on an Aircraft
5. Bernoulli’s Theorem
6. Four Forces of Flight
7. Various Parts of Aircraft
8. End of Presentation with LCA

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 Aerodynamics is the study of objects in motion through the air and
the forces that produce or change such motion.
 Air is a mixture of gases composed principally of nitrogen and
oxygen. An aircraft operates in the air, therefore, the
properties of air that affect aircraft control and performance must
be understood.

 Pressure – Atmospheric pressure varies with altitude. The

higher an object rises above sea level, the lower the pressure.
 Density – It varies directly with the pressure and inversely with the
temperature. With the same horse power, an aircraft can fly faster at
high altitude because of less resistance of air at there.
 Humidity – Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. It varies
directly with temperature.

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Space - Length Time

Matter - Mass Charge - Electro-

magnetic

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 Lengt
Velocity Lengt
=
hTim Force = Mass
e h 2
Tim
e

Dimensionali Mass Lengt

ty Momentum =
Timh
e

2
Mass Lengt
Energy = h 2 Mass
Tim Density =
e Lengt 3
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1. Newton’s First Law: An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an
object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the
same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force.

2. Newton’s Second Law: The acceleration a of an object as produced

by a net force F is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net
force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional
to the mass m of the object: F = ma.

3. Newton’s Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.

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An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in
motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced external force.

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The acceleration a of an object as produced by a net force F is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the
net force, and inversely proportional to the mass m of the object.

F = ma

F M A

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For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Reaction

Action

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 The Four Forces of Flight

Lift

CG
Drag Thrust

Weight

The four forces act on the airplane in flight and also work against each other.

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Weight is a force caused by the gravitational attraction of the earth
9.807 m/s²

The earth’s gravity

pulls down on objects and

gives them weight

Weight counteracts lift

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What’s it take to create lift?
Air or motion ?
How do we explain lift?
Newton’s Laws of Motion and Bernoulli’s
Principal are used to explain lift.

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 P1, V1
P2, V2

A1

A2

A1>A2 P1>P2 V1<V2

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 Air speeds up in the constricted space
between the car & truck creating a low-
pressure area. Higher pressure on the other
outside pushes them together.

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 Venturi Meter

Flow In Flow Out

A wing is really just half a venturi tube

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 A fluid (and air acts like a fluid) speeds up as it moves through a constricted space

A fluid (and air acts like a fluid) speeds up as

it moves through a constricted space

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Bernoulli’s Principle: Air moving over the wing moves faster than
the air below. Faster-moving air above exerts less pressure on
the wing than the slower-moving air below. The result is an
upward push on the wing--lift!
Lift
Low Pressure
High Velocity
Upper Streamline
Longer Distance
Lower Streamline
High Pressure Shorter Distance
Low Velocity

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 Newton’s Second Law: force causes a change in velocity
which in turn generates another force.
 Newton’s Third Law: net flow of air is turned down resulting in
an ‘equal and opposite’ upward force’.

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• Air travels further and faster over the wing, creating a low pressure area,
which “lifts” the wing up. An airplane’s wings are specially designed to
produce the most “lift.”

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2
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  Which of these airplanes will speed up?
 Which will slow down?

Drag Thrust

Drag or Thrust ?

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 A propeller is a spinning wing that generates
Thrust.

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 Engines (either jet or propeller) typically
provide the thrust for aircraft. When you fly a
paper airplane, you generate the thrust.

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 This force acts in reverse direction to that of 'Thrust' and
Resists forward motion. Drag is considered as a negative
force and all engineers try their best to reduce drag.

 The nose of the plane is designed to reduce “drag,” or the

resistance of the air as the plane moves through the sky.
Imagine if the nose of the plane was a block shape instead
of a cone – it would put up a lot more resistance! (And it
would need a LOT more thrust to push forward.)

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1. Fuselage
2. Wings
3. Ailerons
4. Flaps
5. Rudder
6. Horizontal Stabilizer
7. Vertical Stabilizer
8. Elevator
9. Landing Gear, Nose Gear

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 The body of the airplane that all the other
parts are attached to.• Can be made of many
different substances such as aluminium or
wood.

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 The part of the plane that creates lift and
controls roll.
 Has a rounded leading edge and tapered

trailing edge which helps create lift.

 The wing design uses Bernoulli’s Principle.

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 Located at the top of the trailing edge of the
wings.
 Controls roll.
 Move up and down to control the direction of
wind blowing over and under it.
 Ailerons Control Roll The AILERONS control
ROLL. On the outer rear edge of each wing,
the two ailerons move in opposite directions,
up and down, decreasing lift on one wing
while increasing it on the other. This causes
the airplane to roll to the left or right.

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 The RUDDER controls YAW. On the vertical tail
fin, the rudder swivels from side to side,
pushing the tail in a left or right direction.
 A pilot usually uses the rudder along with the

ailerons to turn the airplane.

 Rudder Controls Yaw

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 Horizontal Stabilizer
 Horizontal with the fuselage
 Helps airplane maintain level flight.

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 Vertical Stabilizer
 Vertical to the horizontal stabilizer
 Helps to airplane maintain level flight

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 The ELEVATOR controls PITCH. On the
horizontal tail surface, the elevator tilts up or
down, decreasing or increasing lift on the tail.
 This tilts the nose of the airplane up and

down.
 Elevator Controls Pitch

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 The front landing gear when the plane has
three wheels to land. Nose gear

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 A frame with wheels that allow the plane to
take-off and land
 Some airplanes have retractable landing gear.

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 Indian indigenous fighter aircraft designed &
developed by DRDO & HAL named as TEJAS (Light
Combat Aircraft).

THANK YOU, THANKS FOR ALL

Best Regards,
Shamanth SH
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