DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Introduction To Oracle 10g

Course Objectives

 Introduction to ORACLE & its products

 Introduction to Oracle Architecture

- Oracle Physical structure-Data Files, Control Files and Redo Log Files.
- Oracle Logical Structure- Tablespaces, Segments, Extents and Blocks
- Schema objects-Tables, Sequences, Synonyms, Views
- Oracle Memory Structures and Background Processes, Data Dictionary

Through handouts (lecture 1 & 2):

 Revision of SQL
 Introduction to Advanced SQL & PL/SQL

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What is Oracle ?

Oracle is a relational database management system.

• It is a management system which uses the relational
data model.
• In the relational data model, data is seen by the users
in form of tables alone.

Oracle Server:
• Is a database management system that provides an open,
comprehensive, integrated approach to information
management.
• Consists of an Oracle Instance and an Oracle database

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Oracle in Industry

• In today’s world, data is the key for business

• Every organization stores its data in multiple databases
• One of the most widely used database in industry is Oracle
• Oracle can work on various Operating Systems (Windows, Unix, etc.)
• The demand for Oracle in today’s world is immense
• Many projects across the industry use Oracle as back-end for deploying
its various applications.

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Database Architecture - Introduction

Three Major Instances:

1. Database instance
2. File Structure
3. Data Structures

Database Instance:

• Oracle Database consists of Software Modules & Database Files

• Instance –After the complete installation of Oracle 10g, when you start
the Oracle database , then you have what is referred to as an“Oracle
10g Database Instance”. It is the actual execution of DBMS software
that manages data in the databases tablespace.

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Properties Of Database Instance

1. Created on loading the software from disk to

memory.
2. It is an aggregation of processes and memory
structures
3. It is sharable thus allowing multiple users to access
the same database.

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Oracle Instance
SMON PMON RECO
Optional

SGA

Shared Database Buffer Redo Log Large Pool Java Pool

Server Pool Cache Buffer
process
PGA

DBWn CKPT LGWR ARCn

Optional

User Data Files Control Redo Log Archive Log

process Files Files
Files

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Memory Components and Background Processes

• Two Main Components:

1. SGA( System Global Area)

-a group of shared memory structures that contain data and control
information for one Oracle database instance.
-the data in the instance's SGA is shared among the multiple concurrent
users.
-allocated when you start the database instance.
-de-allocated when the instance is shutdown.

2. PGA (Program Global Area)

-Each server process has a PGA allocated that is a private area for
each server
-Work area for each application.

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SGA Memory Areas

• Shared pool contains machine-language code and execution plans for

frequently used SQL commands.

• Database Buffer Cache stores data values which are written later to the
data files by the database writer (DBWn).

• Redo Log Buffer stores a copy of the changed data from user
transaction. This data is periodically written to the Redo Log Files by the
Log Writer (LGWR).

• Large Pool is a work area given for backup and recovery operations.

• Java Pool stores the machine-language and execution plans for Java
commands used in application programs and database operations.

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PGA Memory Areas

• Each server process has a PGA allocated that is a private area for each
server. This is the work area for each application. The application code,
along with copies of the data, is located here.

• There are various background processes that support and monitor the
server processes. These background processes also handle the data
management and keep the database running smooth and efficiently.

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Processes

• System Monitor (SMON) :

-general server housekeeping functions.
• Process Monitor (PMON) :
- monitors and manages individual user sessions .
-performs database locking/unlocking functions on UPDATE and DELETE
query.
• Database Writer (DBWn) :
-writes changed data from the database buffer cache to data files.
-an oracle 10G instance can have 10 writer instances DBW0-DBW9.
• Log Writer (LGWR) :
-writes the redo log data from the Redo Log Buffer to the Redo Log Files.
-Redo Log files aid in database recovery.
-keep track of the database changes whenever they are committed

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Processes (contd.)

• Checkpoint (CKPT) :
-responsible for signaling DBWn and LGWR to write the contents of the
Database Buffer Cache and the Redo Log Cache to the data files and
Redo Log files respectively.

• Archiver (ARCn) :
-reads the Redo Log files after they are filled & copies it to a corresponding
Archive Log File.
-there can be up to 10 separate archive processes per instance Arc0-Arc9.

• Recoverer (RECO) :
-detect and correct errors as a result of communications problems in a
distributed database environment.

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File Structure- Three Basic Oracle Files

Parameter File

1
Control Files
id
en
tif
es i es
ifi
ent
id

Provides changes to
2 3
Data Files Redo Log Files

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Parameter File – the init.ora file

• Purpose:
- specifies the configuration information about the database instance.

• The parameters include:

1. Names and locations of the control files
2. Block size
3. Cache sizes
4. Database name
5. Instance name
6. Domain name
7. Is read each time a database instance is started
8. Has a .ora suffix

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Control Files
• Purpose:
- contain a list of all other files that make up the database such as data files and
Redo Log files.
-also contain important information about the contents and operating state of the
database.

• The data includes:-

1. By default, an Oracle 10g database creates three control
files,CONTROL01.CTL, CONTROL02.CTL and CONTROL03.CTL and they are
mirror images of each other.
2. The name of the database
3. Date the database was created
4. Current state of the database: read-only, need-recovery
5. Database status when last closed
6. Interval covered by each archived redo log
7. Backups performed
8. Since this is a critical file you should have more than one control file and they
should be on separate disk drives
9. Have a .ctl suffix

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Data Files

• Purpose:
-contain the actual data stored in the database.
-contains user data stored in tables + includes indexes, data dictionary,
and rollback segments.

• Characteristics:
1. Data files are composed of Oracle blocks, which are in turn composed
of operating system blocks
2. Oracle block sizes range from 2 Kb to 32 Kb – average size is 8 Kb
3. Data files belong to only one database and to only one tablespace
within that database
4. Data files are the lowest level of granularity between an Oracle
database and the operating system
5. When you map out a database onto the OS I/O sub-systems, the
smallest unit you can put in any location is a data file
6. Have a .dbf suffix

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Redo Log Files
• Purpose:
- store changes made to the database as a result of transaction and internal
Oracle activities.

• Characteristics:
1. By default, an Oracle 10g database contains three redo log groups,
REDO01.log, REDO02.log and REDO03.log
2. Every Oracle 10g database must have at least two redo log groups
3. The database will write log entries to a subsequent redo log group when the
previous redo log group fills up
4. As a general rule , there should be one redo log group for approximately every
four database users that create action queries
5. Oracle 10g keeps track of the Redo Log file by using a redo log sequence
number, this number is recorded inside the file as they are used
6. The redo log sequence number is different than the operating system file name
that is used to identify the physical file
7. If the database is in ARCHIVELOG mode full Redo Log files are copied to
Archive Log files before they are reused, otherwise they are written over
8. Have a .log suffix

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Data Structures

Database
Instance

Tablespaces
Tablespaces

Segments

Extents
Extents

Data
Blocks Data
Extents Blocks
Extents
Data
Blocks Data
Data Blocks
Blocks

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TABLESPACE SEGMENT EXTENTS and DATA BLOCKS
• Tablespace is used to store related database objects. One tablespace is used to store
all of the system tables; another tablespace may be created for all indexes or a
tablespace may be created to store all of the tables for a specific application. The idea
is to store data that has something in common or has similar characteristics. The
database server stores the data in each tablespace in data files with .dbf extensions.

• Segments are used to organize tablespace data within a tablespace. A segment

stores an individual database object like a table or index.

• Extents are contiguous units of storage, usually disk space, within a segment. Oracle
uses extents for performance reasons by storing data that needs to be retrieved in a
single disk I/O. An extent is made up of multiple data blocks

• Data Blocks are the smallest unit of Oracle database storage. Oracle 10g stores 8,192
bytes (8K) in one data block. A data block is comprised of multiple operating system
blocks. Depending on the operating system an operating system block can store 512 to
4K bytes. A data block contains header, directory and row data:
1.Block Header - operating system block address
2.Table Directory - identifies the database table for which the following data belongs
3.Row Directory - identifies the database rows for which the data belongs
4.Row Data - stores the actual row values

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 Thank You….

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