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Thereotical Explanations of Crime 3

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4 views32 pages

Thereotical Explanations of Crime 3

Uploaded by

bernardpeprah62
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THEORETICAL

EXPLANATIONS OF CRIME

DR. AUGUSTINA NAAMI, SOWK 435

1
TEACHING OBJECTIVES

THE SESSION WILL ENABLE LEARNING ABOUT:

 The various theories which explain criminal


behavior and control of crime

 The differences in the various theories which


explain criminal behavior and control of crime

2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 Students will identify the various theories


which explain criminal behavior and control of
crime
 Students will differentiate the various theories
which explain criminal behavior and control of
order

3
THEORIES

4
CONTROL THEORIES
CONTROL THEORIES (WALTER RECKLESS, 1973)

5
REFLECTION QUESTION

Assuming there are NO laws in your


communities, societies, what are
some of the things that you would
have loved to engaged in?

6
Assumption:

 Human beings are all predispose to


committing crimes because of the
tendency to maximize self-interest
 Human beings like to get involved in
behaviours that are pleasurable
 They will seek unlimited pleasure if not
controlled

7
SOLUTION/INTERVENTION FOR
CONTROL THEORIES

 The need for control measures to


check individuals to refrain from
deviance behaviors

 Human beings must be controlled to


avoid committing crimes

8
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
THEORIES
(LOMBROSO, FERRI AND GAROFALO, 1876)

9
PROPOSITION

 Criminals are born criminals


 Human beings innately/naturally have
the tendency to commit crime

 Focus of criminal behavior

 THE INDIVIDUAL
10
PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE

11
LETS DISCUSS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL THEORIES: HOW DO WE CONTROL CRIME?

PUNIS
TREAT
HMEN
MENT?
T

12
CULTURAL THEORIES

13
 Suggests that criminal behavior results
rather from the influence of the
environment on people and not biological
factors

14
TWO MAJOR CULTURAL APPROACHES
TO EXPLAIN CRIMINAL BEHAVIORS

 The social structure approach

 Social processes approach

15
SOCIAL STRUCTURAL
APPROACH

 Cultural Deviance Theory

 Differential Association Theory

16
CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY
(CLIFFORD R. SHAW AND HENRY D. MCKAY)
 ASSUMPTION:
 Criminal behavior is linked to the environment
where individuals lived

 Availability of resources/opportunities is more


likely to result in lower crimes and vice versa

 MAJOR PREMISE: Blockage of opportunities


causes lower class people to commit crimes
17
CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY
(CLIFFORD R. SHAW (1920) AND HENRY D.
MCKAY, (1958)

 Poverty: Individuals in the lower income


bracket are more likely to commit crimes

 Crime is associated with the characteristics


of neighborhood and not innately inherent

18
LETS DISCUSS CULTURAL DEVIANCE
CONTROL THEORY

 How can crime be controlled in


relation to the tenets of this
theory?

19
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION
THEORY:
EDWIN HARDIN SUTHERLAND (1939)
ASUMPTION:
 Posits that people commit crimes not
because they live in poor neighborhoods or
because they are in the lower class

 But, because of the groups they associate


themselves with (e.g., groups that favor
crime)
20
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION
THEORY: EDWIN HARDIN SUTHERLAND
(1939)
 KEY: Deviance/criminal behavior is learned:
 From other individuals by interacting with them
(Interaction mainly in small groups)
 Learning of criminal behavior occurs mostly
within intimate personal groups
 The learning includes (a) techniques of
committing the crime, which are sometimes
very complicated, sometimes simple; (b) the
specific direction of motives, drives,
rationalizations, and attitudes 21
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION
THEORY: EDWIN HARDIN
SUTHERLAND (1939)
 This theory therefore, presupposes that people
can live in poor neighborhoods and be law-
abiding
 The strength of this theory helps explain that

 People in lower class neighborhoods can be law


abiding

 People in the middle and upper class neighborhood


can engage in criminal activities
22
LETS DISCUSS DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOCIATION THEORY

 How can crime be controlled in


relation to the tenets of this
theory?

23
SOCIAL CONTROL
THEORIES

24
REFLECTION QUESTION

WHAT ARE THE REASONS WHY


YOU WILL NOT COMMIT CRIME OR
ENGAGE IN ANY
DEVIANCE/CRIMINAL
BEHAVIORS?

25
SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES:
TRAVIS WARNER HIRSCHI
 PROPOSITION:
 Human beings refrain from committing crimes
because of

 CONTROL: Social control or the law


 Inner containment (family/community control
systems)
 Outer containment (Security control systems)
26
27
28
LETS DISCUSS SOCIAL CONTROL
THEORY

 How can crime be controlled in


relation to the tenets of this
theory?

29
SOCIAL VICTIM THEORIES
Harword Becker (1963)
 ASSUMPTION:
 Human beings are inherently good
 Criminal behavior is not inherent in individual
but the society
 Societal processes that promote criminal
behaviors:
 Law making processes
 Enforcement of law
 Selective punishment
30
31
REFLECTION QUESTION

 WHAT ARE SOME OF THE SOCIAL


PROCESSES THAT YOU BELIEVE
CAN TRIBUTE TO CRIMINAL
BEHAVIORS?

32

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