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Lecture 6 - Flanged Beams

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28 views17 pages

Lecture 6 - Flanged Beams

Uploaded by

Khaled Fada'aq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FLANGED BEAMS

T AND L BEAMS
When reinforced concrete slabs are cast integrally with the supporting beams they may contribute to
the compressive strength of the beams during flexure. When subject to sagging moments the resulting
beam cross-section is either a T-section or an L-section, as shown in Figures, where the top surface, i.e.
the slab, is in compression. When subjected to hogging moments the top surface is subject to tension
and hence the beams are designed as rectangular sections.
For singly reinforced section it is necessary to consider two conditions:
1- the stress block lies within the compression flange
2- the stress block extends to the web.
The effective flange width (be) of flanged beams is defined for both cases in Clause 3.4.1.5 of
the code :
for T-beams: web width + lz / 5 or actual flange width if less,

for L-beams: web width + lz / 10 or actual flange width if less,

where lz is the distance between points of zero moment (which, for a continuous beam, may be
taken as 0.7 times the effective span).
STRESS BLOCK LIES WITHIN THE COMPRESSION
FLANGE
If , the depth of the flange, then all the concrete
below the flange is cracked and the beam may be treated
as a rectangular beam of breadth bf and effective depth d.

The maximum moment of resistance when


0.9 x = hf is equal to

Mflange = 0.45 fcu b hf (d − hf / 2)

Thus if the design moment M ≤ Mflange, then design the


beam as singly reinforced rectangular section.

and
STRESS BLOCK EXTENDS INTO THE WEB

If the design moment Mflange < M < Mult, then the stress block must extend below
the flange and s > hf,

In this case the design can be carried out by either:


a) Designing for the conservative condition of . As recommended by the Code. Or
b) Using an exact method to determine the depth of the neutral axis.
Mflange = 0.45 fcu bf hf (d − hf / 2)

where can be found from Table 3.6 of the code


DESIGNING FOR THE CONSERVATIVE CONDITION OF

Depth of stress block s = 0.9 x = 0.45 d


divide the flange section within the depth of the
stress block into areas 1 and 2 as shown in
figure
Area 1 =
=
Area 2 =

the compression forces developed by these


areas are:
Taking moment about Fc2 at the centroid of the flange

Therefore,

M  0.1 f cu bw d (0.45d  h f )
As 
0.95 f y ( d  0.5h f )
This equation should not be used when hf > 0.45d
EXACT METHOD TO DETERMINE THE DEPTH OF THE
NEUTRAL AXIS
When or more than 10% redistribution has been carried out

Taking Moment about Fst

Where Z1 = d – 0.5 s = d – 0.9 x / 2

M
+
M +
divide both sides by fcu bf d2 , then determine the value of x from

)
where x ≤ 0.5d and the reinforcement required is obtained from the equilibrium condition,

0.405 f cu bw x  0.45 f cu h f (b f  bw )
As 
0.95 f y
FLANGED SECTION WITH COMPRESSION
REINFORCEMENT
When M > Mult Compression reinforcement is required,

=
The compression steel can be calculated from

and Tension steel

Compression steel is rarely required in the case of flanged beams.


EXAMPLE (1)
A continuous slab 100 mm thick is carried on T-beams at 2 m centers. The overall depth of the
beam is 350 mm and the breadth bw of the web is 250 mm. The beams are 6 m span and are simply
supported. The characteristic dead load including self-weight and finishes is 7.4 kN/m 2 and the
characteristic imposed load is 5 kN/m2. Design the beam using the simplified stress block. The
materials are grade C30 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
Solution:
Since the beams are spaced at 2 m centers, the loads on the beam are:
Dead load = 7.4 ×2 = 14.8 kN/m
Live load = 5 × 2 =10 kN/m
design load =(1.4 ×14.8) +(1.6 ×10) = 36.7 kN/m
ultimate moment at mid-span = 36.7 × 62 / 8 =165 kN. m
effective width b of flange:
=250 + 6000 / 5 =1450 mm
Assume using 8mm dia. Links and 25 mm dia. Main bars, with mild environment condition,
Nominal cover = 25 mm
d = 350 – 25 - 12.5 – 8 = 304.5 mm say 300 mm
First of all check if the beam can be designed as a rectangular beam
by calculating Mflange.

Mflange = 0.45 fcu bf hf (d − hf / 2)

× 30 × 1450 × 100 ( 300 – 50) ×


= 489.3 kN.m > M = 165 KN.m
The beam can be designed as a rectangular beam of size 1450×300.
=

Z = 0.95 d = 0.95 × 300 = 285 mm

Provide 3 T 25 ,
Minimum Area of reinforcement:

o.k
Example (2):
Determine the area of reinforcement required for the T-beam section shown in Figure which is
subjected to an ultimate moment of 260 kNm. The materials are grade C30 concrete and grade 460
reinforcement.
Solution:
Calculate Mflange to check if the stress block is inside the flange or not.

Mflange = 0.45 fcu bf hf (d − hf / 2)

=0.45×30×600×100(340–0.5 x 100)×10−6=234.9 kN.m


The design moment of 260 kN.m is greater than
Mflange. Therefore the stress block extends into the web.

Check if compression steel is required.

,
From Table 3.6 of the code,
By interpolation

= 270.5 KN.m > 260 KN.m


> M = 260 KN.m
Compression reinforcement is not required.
Two approaches can be used for determining the area of tension steel required.
(a) Code formula
Calculation of As using simplified code formula which assumes x/d=0.5

M  0.1 f cu bw d (0.45d  h f )
As 
0.95 f y ( d  0.5h f )
= 2159 mm2.
(b) Exact approach
Determine the depth of the neutral axis from

By solving the equation, we got:


x = 151 mm

Provide 5 T 25,

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