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Unit 1 - Mechanics

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26 views15 pages

Unit 1 - Mechanics

Uploaded by

dr govindarajan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT -1

MECHANICS
Inertia, Centre of Mass, Linear motion and
Rotational motion, Torque and angular
momentum, Principle of moments (Moment
of Inertia), Radius of Gyration, Kinematics
of rotational motion about a fixed axis.
INTRODUCTIO
N of the system to change its state of
 Inertia is the reluctance
rest or of uniform motion.
 In the case of rotational motion inertia of rigid body plays a
very important role in the industrial applications where both
rotational and translational operations are to be coupled.
 Its principle is also used widely in the design, fabrication and
working of several machines of common use namely cranes,
motors, lathes, lifting devices, soil testing machines,
hydraulic systems, in the design of and fixing the position
of huge reactors, etc.
Example
DEFINITION OF TERMINOLOGY IN LINEAR
MOTION
Displacement: The change of position of a particle in a
particular direction is called displacement. If the direction
is along x-axis, then the displacement is x. It is measured
in metre (m).

Velocity (𝒗) : The rate of change of displacement is


𝒅𝒙
called velocity. It is given by, 𝒗 =
𝒅𝒕
S.I unit of velocity is m/s or ms-1

Acceleration (𝒂): The rate of change of velocity is called


acceleration. 𝒂 = 𝒅𝒗𝒅𝒕
S.I unit of acceleration is m/s2 (or) ms-
2
DEFINITION OF TERMINOLOGY IN ROTATIONAL
MOTION
Example
Centre of Mass : Consider the motion of a system
consisting of a large number of particles. There is one point in
it which behaves as though the entire mass of the system were
concentrated there and all the external forces were acting at
this point. This point is called the centre of mass of the
system.
CENTRE OF MASS
(CM)
Every system or body is a collection of large number of tiny particles. In
translatory motion of a body, every particle experiences equal displacement
with time. Therefore, the motion of the whole body may be represented by a
particle. But when the body rotates or vibrates during translatory motion, then
its motion can be represented by a point that moves in the same way as that
of a single particle subjected to the same external forces would move. This
point is called centre of mass of a system.

Definition:A point in the system at which whole mass of the body is


supposed to be concentrated is called centre of mass of the body. Therefore,
if a system contains two or more particles, its translatory motion can be
described by the motion of the centre of mass of the system.
ROTATION OF RIGID BODIES
Rigid body: A rigid body is defined as that body which does not
undergo any change in shape or volume when external forces are
applied on it.
 When forces are applied on a rigid body, the distance between
any two particles of the body will remain unchanged however,
large the forces may be.
 Actually, no body is perfectly rigid. Every body can be
deformed more or less by the application of the external force.
The solids, in which the changes produced by external forces are
negligibly small, are usually considered as rigid body.
ROTATIONAL MOTION
 When a body rotates about a fixed axis, its
motion is known as rotatory motion.
 A rigid body is said to have pure rotational
motion, if every particle of the body moves
in a circle, the centre of which lies on a
straight line called the axis of rotation.
 The axis of rotation may lie inside the body
or even outside the body. The particles lying
on the axis of rotation remains stationary.
MOMENT OF INERTIA OR ROTATIONAL
INERTIA
Inertia of a body is its inability to change by itself its state of rest or
of uniform motion in a straight line.
Similarly Moment of inertia of a body is its inability to change by itself its
state of rest or of rotatory motion about an axis.
An external force is necessary to change its state.
 There is a tendency to resist changes in uniform rotational motion. For
example if a fan is switched off it continues to rotate for some more
before it comes to rest.
 The property of a body by which it resists change uniform rotational
motion is called rotational inertia or moment of inertia.
The moment of inertia of a body depends on the mass of the body and also
the distribution of the mass with respective the axis of rotation.
RADIUS OF
GYRATION
If the whole mass of the rigid body ‘M’ is assumed to be concentrated at a
distance of ‘K’ from the axis of rotation then 𝐼 = 𝑀𝐾 2

Here 𝑀 = σ𝑚
K is known as radius of gyration.
DEFINITION: The radius of gyration is defined as the distance from the
axis of rotation to the point where the entire mass of the body is assumed
to be concentrated.
If the body consists of n particles of equal mass m, then the moment of inertia.
Example

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