AAE 312

COMPRESSIBLE AERODYNAMIC FLOW I

Presentation Slide II– Normal Shock Relations

By
Taofiq Amoloye
Rain Semester, June 2021
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Kwara State University, Malete
Acknowledgement
The bulk of material
contained in these slides
is from ‘Modern
Compressible Flow’ by-
J.D. Anderson . Unless
otherwise specified,
every material in this
presentation can be
assumed to be sourced
from this textbook.

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Introductory thoughts
Normal shocks occur frequently as part of many
supersonic flowfields.
By definition, a normal shock wave is perpendicular to
the flow.
The shock is a very thin region (the shock thickness is
usually on the order of a few molecular mean free paths,
typically 10-5cm for air at standard conditions).
The flow is supersonic ahead of the wave, and subsonic
behind it.
The static pressure, temperature, and density increase
across the shock, whereas the velocity decreases.
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Introductory thoughts
Nature establishes shock
waves in a supersonic
flow as a solution to a
perplexing problem
having to do with the
propagation of
disturbances in the flow.
Consider the subsonic
and supersonic flows
depicted in Figure 3.7.

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 Quantitative analysis of changes across a
normal shock wave
Consider again Fig. 3.3. The normal shock wave is assumed to be a discontinuity across which
the flow properties suddenly change.
Assume that all free stream conditions in
region 1 ahead of the wave are known and
the problem is in solving for the conditions
after the shock in region 2.
Note that there is no heat added or taken away
from the flow as it crosses the shock wave.
Hence, the flow across the shock wave is adia-
batic. Thus, the basic normal shock equations For a calorically perfect gas, the thermodynamic
are obtained directly from the one-dimension- relations below hold.
al flow equations without heat addition as:

These constitute five equations with five unknowns

ρ2,u2,p2,h2 and T2. Thus, these can be solved algebraica-
lly.

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 Quantitative analysis of changes across a
normal shock wave
Divide Equation 3.39 by 3.38.

Note that Equation 3.43 is a combination of the continuity and momentum equations. To
incorporate the energy equation, we use one of its alternate forms as below.

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Quantitative analysis of changes across a
normal shock wave

Mach number behind

the normal shock is
always subsonic.

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 Quantitative analysis of changes across a
normal shock wave
Recall Equation 3.37 which provides the relation between the real and characteristic
Mach numbers at a given point in the flow.

This gives:

Therefore, using Equation 3.49 in the Prandtl relation yields:

For a calorically perfect

gas with a constant value
of γ, M2 is a function of
only M1

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In the limit as 8
 Quantitative analysis of changes across a
normal shock wave
Ratios of other shock wave properties can be found in terms of M . Using the 1-D continuity
1
equation, we have :

Using Equation 3.49 in 3.52, we have:

To obtain the pressure ratio, we use the 1-D momentum Equation(3.39) as follows:

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Quantitative analysis of changes across a
normal shock wave

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 Quantitative analysis of changes across a
normal shock wave
The limiting case as We have

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Quantitative analysis of changes across a
normal shock wave
Recall that from physical observation, it is clear that the flow ahead of the shock wave must
be supersonic. However, this is not obvious from our equations so far. The equations have
not shown the direction of flow but just the relationships between the properties across the
shock wave. To establish the direction of flow across the shock wave, we resort to the second
law of thermodynamics i.e. the concept of entropy as follows.

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Quantitative analysis of changes across a
normal shock wave

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 Quantitative analysis of changes across a
normal shock wave
Question: How do the stagnation conditions vary across a normal shock wave?
To answer this, consider Fig. 3.8 which illustrates the definition of total conditions before
and after the shock.

Recall Equation 3.22.

At the total condition, this

translates to:

Hence,

The total temperature is

constant across a station-
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ary normal shock wave.
Quantitative analysis of changes across a
normal shock wave

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Quantitative analysis of changes across a
normal shock wave

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Miscellaneous comments:Hugoniot
Equation

This implies:

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 Miscellaneous comments
Consider again Figure 3.5. The changes in the control volume from region 1 to 2 for a normal
shock wave has been argued to be due to the large gradients within the normal shock wave.
However, such effects can also be brought about by friction and heat addition. Thus, we can
have:
•One-Dimensional flow with friction
e.g. flow of gases through in pipelines
over miles of land

•One-Dimensional flow with heat

addition e.g. flow in turbojet and ramjet
burners; supersonic flows in the cavities
of modern gas dynamic and chemical
lasers; and laser-heated wind tunnels

In the two cases, the governing one-dimensional equations are modified appropriately
For the analysis of the change in flow properties.

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Miscellaneous comments

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 Measurement of Velocity in a Compressible
flow (Ref:2)
Recall the Pitot-tube (depicted in Fig.3.11 and 3.12 (Ref:2)) used in measuring the velocity
of a low-speed incompressible flow.
Using Bernoulli Equation, we have:

Observe that this implies that with the knowledge of the

total pressure of the flow (pitot pressure) and the static pressure,
the velocity of a low-speed incompressible flow can be obtained.

Likewise, with the knowledge of the pitot pressure and

static pressure, the Mach number of subsonic and super
sonic flows can be calculated but with different formulas.
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 Measurement of Velocity in a Subsonic
Compressible flow
Consider a Pitot tube is a subsonic compressible flow
as illustrated in Fig. 8.10a (Ref:2).
Using the isentropic relation between point a and b, we
have:

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 Measurement of Velocity in a Supersonic
Compressible flow
Consider the Pitot tube in a supersonic as depicted in Fig.8.10b (Ref:2).

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References
1. Modern Compressible Flow with Historical
Perspective by John D. Anderson, Jr. (2nd Edition),
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
2. ‘Fundamentals of Aerodynamics’ (Third Edition) by
John D. Anderson, Jr., McGraw Hill publishing
company.

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