Questions to ponder:

•a. What have you

observed?
•b. How did they
communicate?
•c. What is
missing in one of
the characters?
Language
S H T Y O R I
H E G N L S I
G U L A N E A G
English Language

Language Language Language

of of of the
Science Aviation business
and Math world
Look for the meaning of the following
words. Trace also the origin of these
words

1. Boondocks
2. Ylang-ylang
3. Sari/saree
4. Bread
5. apartment
 Look for the meaning of the following
words. Trace also the origin of these
words
1. Boondocks-remote and wild place
Origin: Tagalog bundok
2. Ylang-ylang-a tree of the custard-apple
family that is native to the Malay
Archipelago, the Philippines, and
adjacent areas and has very fragrant
greenish-yellow flowers
Origin: Tagalog
 Look for the meaning of the following
words. Trace also the origin of these
words
3. sari/saree-a garment of
southern Asian women
that consists of several
yards of lightweight cloth
draped so that one end
forms a skirt and the
other a head or shoulder
covering
Origin: Hindi
 Look for the meaning of the following
words. Trace also the origin of these
words
4. Bread-kind of food made from flour or the
meal of some grain, kneaded into a dough,
fermented, and baked
Origin: Old English
5. Apartment-a room or set of rooms fitted
especially with housekeeping facilities and
usually leased as a dwelling.
Origin: French appartement from Italian
appartamento
1. Cheese-a food consisting of
the coagulated, compressed
and usually ripened curd of
milk separated from the whey
Origin: Middle English chese,
from Old English cēse, from
Latin caseus
2. Camp- a group
of tents, cabins or
huts
Origin: from Latin
campus
3. School – an
organization that
provides instruction
Origin: Middle
English scole, from
Old English scōl,
from Latin schola,
from Greek scholē
4. Chicken – a big
bird that is raised by
people for its eggs
and meat
Origin: Middle
English chiken, from
Old English cicen
Why do words change in spelling?
Word Former Main date of
Spelling former
spelling
pathetic Pathetick 17th to early
19th century
connection connexion 17th to mid-
20th century
doubt dout 13th to 16th
century
 English language is important
because _____________________.
 Let’s recall old times!!!
Small Group
Dynamics
Through a graphic
organizer, recall
concepts from previous
discussions.
 Questions:
 What is the role of the English language
in the Philippines and other Asian
countries?

 How about in global communication?

Educational System
workplace
Business presentations
Foreign affairs of the state
 Unlocking of Terms:
Anglo-Saxons
term used historically to
describe any member of the
Germanic peoples who, from the
5th century to the time of the
Norman Conquest (1066),
inhabited and ruled territories that
are today part of England and
Wales
Unlocking of Terms:

Old English
language spoken
and written in
England before
1100;
 Unlocking of Terms:
Middle English
is the name
given to the
English of the
period from
approximately
1100 to
approximately
1450
Unlocking of Terms:

Modern English
 is conventionally defined as the
English language since about 1450 or
1500.
Unlocking of Terms:

Great Vowel Shift

was a massive sound change affecting
the long vowels of English during the
fifteenth to eighteenth centuries
A Brief History of English
Some Highlights
Roman Invasion (55 BC)
• Roman soldiers and priests
came to the British Isles
before the massive invasions
of Northern Europeans under
Julius Caesar and continued
by Emperor Claudius.
• 29 % of the English language
was composed of Latin
words.
Early Influences
Ex.
Military
 human
animal
dental
Manual
Lunar
 solar
Northern Invasions (5th Century)

Angles, Jutes, Saxons Frisians,

Danes, and Norwegians
brought new languages.
 Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
 The Romans were driven away by a new
group of colonizers.
 The Anglo-Saxon migration gave the
larger part of Britain its new name,
England, “the land of the Angles.”
 26 % of the English language was
composed of Germanic terms.
Ex. Cake, ache, dye, apple, but
 Beowulf
manuscript copy from the oral tradition, ca. 1000

 is the longest epic poem

in Old English
 More than 3,000 lines
long
 It relates the exploits of its
eponymous hero, and his
successive battles with a
monster named Grendel,
with Grendel’s revengeful
mother, and with a dragon
which was guarding a
hoard of treasure
Conversion to Christianity
(6th Century)
• Christianity was
introduced to the then
pagan country through St.
Augustine sent by Pope
Gregory I.
• The English language was
enriched again by the
comeback of the Latin,
terms that were borrowed
from the Greek and Hebrew
through the introduction of
the Bible.
 Greek Influence
• 6 % of the English
language was
composed of
Greek words.
Ex. Academic,
android,
democracy,
philosophy, politics
 Viking Invasion (8th-11th Century)

• The English language

has continued to
develop through
Scandinavian
languages.
• This was the period of
Viking invasion in
Britain.
 Scandinavian Influence

 45 % of the commoner words and 25 % of

the general lexis in the present day English
lexicon are a result of the language contact
between Old English and Old Norse during
the period of Scandinavian invasions and
settlement in the eighth and ninth century.
• Ex. Thursday (Thor’s day), club, gun,
ransack, hell, reindeer, ball etc.
•
 Question

In 1066, what event took place that changed the

course of the English language?
 Answer
The Battle of Hastings

According to legend, King Harold plucked

an arrow out of his eye.
The Battle of Hastings

The Battle of Hastings was fought on

14 October 1066 between the
Norman-French army of William, the
Duke of Normandy, and an English
army under the Anglo-Saxon King
Harold Godwinson, it marks the
beginning the Norman conquest of
England
 Norman Invasion (1066)
 The Norman invasion of
England in 1066 had a major
impact not only on the country,
but also on the English
language.
 William the Conqueror and his
merry band of Normans
brought with them Norman
French, which became the
language of the court,
government and the upper
class for the next three
centuries.
 British Bilingualism
French held its place as the
language of government,
law, literature, and, along
with Latin, in the church.

English remained the language of

household staffs and other so-
called common people.
Sometimes upper-class employers
learned English in order to talk
with their servants.
 French words in English

• Baron, count, courtier, duchess, duke,

marchioness, marquis, noble, peer
• Appetite, beef, biscuit, confection, plate,
raisin, supper, treacle, veal, vinegar
• Ambush, army, battle, enemy, garrison,
lieutenant, moat, peace, sergeant
• By heart, come to a head, have mercy on
hold one’s peace, take leave
 English-French Pairs
• Sheep-mutton • Happiness-felicity
• Calf-veal • Hearty-cordial
• Deer-venison • Help-aid
• Pig-pork • Hide-conceal
• Begin-commence • Holy-saintly
• Child-infant • Meal-repast
• Doom-judgment • Stench-aroma
• Freedom-liberty • Wish-desire
 Middle English (11th-15th century)

 English is framed at its beginning by the after-

effects of the Norman Conquest of 1066, and at
its end by the arrival in Britain of the printing
press in 1476.
 The division of the classes began to include
linguistics, with the upper or noble classes
speaking French, while the lower classes spoke
Middle English.
A New Look for Old English

Scribes added letters to make words

look more like Latin or French,
languages considered more cultivated
than English; for example, det
became debt and iland became
island.
 Middle English Literature
• Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,
a story from Arthurian legend, written in
English but showing the influence of the
French courtly tradition.
• The Canterbury Tales,
written by Geoffrey Chaucer
(ca. 1345-1400)
 Early Modern English (15th-16th
Century )

• The Renaissance
• Shakespeare
• Protestant Reformation
• Printing Presses
• First English colonization of America: tobacco,
potato, and other words enter the language
• A major factor separating Middle English from
Modern English is known as the Great Vowel
Shift
Great Vowel Shift
 was a massive sound change affecting
the long vowels of English during the
fifteenth to eighteenth centuries
 English in Education

Shakespeare read Cervantes

at a time when scholars
considered Spanish a more
important language than
English.

At the beginning of the sixteenth century, Latin still

served as the tongue spoken by educated Europeans.
By the end of the 1700s, scholars had begun to
consider English a language appropriate for academia.
Shakespeare’s Neologisms
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Shakespeare’s plays and poems introduced
accommodation, assassination, barefaced, countless,
courtship, dislocate, dwindle, eventful, fancy-free,
lack-lustre, laughable, premeditated, puppi-dogs, and
submerged.

Not all of his words remained in the language.

Neologisms that failed to survive include abruption,
appertainment, cadent, exsufflicate, persistive,
protractive, questrist, soilure, tortive, ungenitured,
unplausive, and vastidity.
 Vocabulary

• According to some linguists, English

contains some 500,000 words.
• Shakespeare employed about 30,000.
• The King James Bible contains about
12,000.
• Generally, speakers with well-developed
vocabularies employ 30,000
• That leaves the most articulate among us
about 470,000 words short.
 Modern English (18th-19th
Century)
 Colonialism
flourished, Britain got
involved politically in
other countries.
British empire ended
and it was replaced
by Commonwealth.
 German linguist,
Jacob Grimm, called
English "the language
of the world"
 20th-21st Century English
 Language is still
developing, words keep
coming back from other
countries.
 At the dawn of the 20th
century, English was still
recognizably a single
homogeneous language
 There are now many
Englishes.
 English in a Global Context
“More than 40 countries around the world consider English
their primary language” (University of Texas at Austin website).

Antigua, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Barbuda, Belize, Botswana, Cameroon, Canada, Dominica, Ghana,
Grenada, Guyana, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Micronesia,
New Zealand, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, St.
Lucia, St.Vincent, Swaziland, The Grenadines, The Philippines, Trinidad & Tobago, Uganda, United
Kingdom, United States, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
 Language Change Will
Continue
• Words enter from other countries, especially as
their authors contribute to contemporary
English literature.
• Neologisms arise from mixtures of English with
Hindi, Yoruba, and Spanish.
• Technology contributes to language formation
with new terms and altered spellings.
 20th Century English Words
Combination of words already existing in
English, i.e. “compounding”, or phrasal verbs:
Ex. television, hillbilly, airport, telecommunication,
psychoanalysis, cornflakes, crossword, lifestyle,
bullshit, ponytail, teenage, sleepwalk, photocopy,
stereophonic
Two separate words: teddy bear, boy scout piggy
bank, comic strip
Two hyphenated words: T-shirt, hitch-hike
Three or more: rhythm and blues
 20th Century English Words
Loanword or loan translation: brassiere, Nazi
Formed by derivation by adding prefix or suffix:
eatery, racism, broadcaster, freebie
Abbreviations: clipped forms
demo, taxi, cinema, deb, sax, fridge, hood
New meaning grafted on to existing form:
tank, rocket, Commonwealth,
Named after someone: Levis.
Blends or portmanteaus: motel
 21st Century English Words
 The new technology in the 21st century has
prompted the utilization of the Global Language
Monitor which has been in effect right from the
time it was founded in the last century.
 Crowdfunding Google
 Crowdsourcing Refugee
 Selfie Anthropocene
 OMG Twitter
 Emoji
 Bubble
Evaluation

Timeline Making:
Create a timeline showing the History of
the English Language
 Evaluation:
In your own groups,
demonstrate an
understanding of the lesson
through a:
Role play – your movie
production is set to shoot a
movie about the history of
the English language.
 Evaluation:
In your own groups,
demonstrate an
understanding of the
lesson through a:
Talk show- there is a
famous TV show that
would like to tap you as
guest. You are to discuss
the history of the English
language.
 Evaluation:
In your own groups,
demonstrate an
understanding of the lesson
through a:
News report – your news
program is tasked to report
the history of the English
language
Evaluation:
In your own groups,
demonstrate an
understanding of the
lesson through a:
Storytelling – in one of
your English classes, your
teacher asked you to
retell the history of the
English language.
 Rubrics
Criteria Apprentice Basic Learned Exemplary
(1-4) (5-6) (7-8) (9-10)
Collabor Only a few Certai Everyone It was
ation people n did some evident that
worked on people work but all of the
the did not some group
presentation. do as people are members
much carrying contributed
work the equally to the
as presentati presentation.
others on.
Criteria Apprentice Basic Learned Exemplary
(1-4) (5-6) (7-8) (9-10)
Organiz The There The The
ation presentation were presentati presentation
lacked minim on had was well
organization al organizing organized,
and had little signs ideas but well prepared
evidence of of could have and easy to
preparation. organi been follow.
zation much
of stronger
prepar with better
ation. preparatio
n.
Criteria Apprentice Basic Learned Exemplary
(1-4) (5-6) (7-8) (9-10)
Presentati Presenters were Present Presenters Presenters
on unconfident and ers were were all very
demonstrated were occasionally
little evidence of not confident
confident in
planning prior to consiste with their delivery and
presentation. nt with presentation they did an
the level however it excellent job
of was not of engaging
confiden engaging as
ce/ they it could have
the class.
showed been for the Preparation
but had class is very
strong evident.
moment
s
Criteria Apprentice Basic Learned Exemplary
(1-4) (5-6) (7-8) (9-10)
Conten Presentatio Prese Presenta Presentati
t n does not ntatio tion had on had an
have n had a good exception
connection a amount
to the topic. minim of
al
al relevanc relevance
conn e to the to the
ection topic. topic.
to the
topic.
 Works Cited

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English

Language. Cambridge: U of Cambridge, 1997.
English Department, University of Texas at Austen.
<http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/english/>. Accessed 10
Sept. 2008.
“English in the World.” <http://www.about.com>. New York: New
York Times, 2008. Accessed 10 Sept. 2008.
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language.
London: Arnold, 1999.