ONLINE SUPPORT PROGRAM

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

APSAC FORTROAD RAWALPINDI

Sentence Structure:
Sentence Types
 SLOs
 Understand sentence structure
 Identify and differentiate between simple,
compound and complex sentences.
 Conversion of sentences into different types.
 Sentence Types

• Simple
• Compound
• Complex
• Compound-Complex
 What is Sentence Structure?
• Sentence structure is determined by the number and
the types of clauses. There are two types of clauses
that determine sentence structure:

• Independent clauses have a subject and a predicate

and can stand alone as a complete thought. An
independent clause is a complete sentence by itself.

• Dependent clauses have a subject and a predicate

but do not have a complete thought.
Simple Sentences/Independent
Clause
• A simple sentence has only ONE independent
clause.
• Independent clauses can “stand alone.”

Example:
• Betty lives down the street from me.
(Betty is the subject, lives is the predicate)
 Examples

• The teacher punished the boy for his

disobedience.

• My dog needs to go outside.

• He must work very hard to make up for the

lost time.
 Dependent Clauses

• Dependent clauses cannot stand alone.

• These are dependent on other words to make

sense. Dependent clauses are also
called subordinate clauses.
They need to be attached to
an independent clause in
order to be a complete
sentence.
 Dependent clauses that are
Examples not attached to an
independent clause become
sentence fragments. They are
not complete sentences.

• When I go to the party.

• Because his mom said so.

• Why he said no.

Basic Elements of Every Sentence

SUBJECT PREDICATE
 Basic Elements

SUBJECT PREDICATE

Mary plays tennis.

Simple Sentence
 Simple Sentence

• A simple sentence has one subject and one

predicate.
 Simple Sentence

Observe how a simple sentence is constructed:

We went to the market yesterday.

 Simple Sentence

Pronoun Verb Prepositional phrase

We went to the market yesterday.

Simple subject Complete predicate

 SIMPLE SENTENCE

SUBJECT PREDICATE

Mary plays tennis.

one subject one predicate

 Simple Sentence

Tom and Mary play tennis.

Compound Subject
 Simple Sentence

play tennis and paint.

Tom and Mary

Compound Subject Compound Predicate

&
 SIMPLE SENTENCE
with compound subject

Tom and Mary play tennis.

 SIMPLE SENTENCE
with compound subject
and
compound predicate

Tom and Mary play tennis and

paint.
Compound Sentence
 Compound Sentence
• A compound sentence has more than one
part that can stand alone (independent
clauses).

• Independent clauses are connected by

coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive
adverbs or a semi-colon.
Compound Sentence

We went to the market, and

most of us shopped all evening.

 Compound Sentence
Subject Verb Prepositional phrase

We went to the market,

Predicate
Coordinating
Conjunction
and most of us shopped all evening .

Subject Verb Modifying phrase

 Examples
• He betrayed his country, and this was to his
eternal disgrace.

• My dog went outside, and I was pulled on her

leash.

• My brother is a good reader, but I am not.

 Compound Sentence

Use of Coordinating Conjunctions

SUBJECT PREDICATE

SUBJECT PREDICATE
 Compound Sentence
Tom swims,

and

Mary plays tennis.

 COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

FOR
AND
NOR
BUT
OR
YET
SO
 COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.

Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Independent
 COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.

Comma before “and”

in compound
sentences!
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

MOREOVER
HOWEVER
OTHERWISE
THEREFORE
 COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.

Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Independent
 COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.

Note: Semicolon
before conjunctive
adverb and comma
after conjunctive adverb!
 Conjunctive Adverbs “float”

• Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes called

“floating” adverbs because they can be
positioned at the beginning, in the middle,
or at the end of a clause.
 CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
AT THE BEGINNING, IN THE MIDDLE,AT THE END

Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.

Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich.
Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.
 Semicolons

• “If the relation between the ideas expressed

in the main clauses is very close and
obvious without a conjunction, you can
separate the clauses with a semicolon”.
 COMPOUND SENTENCE:
SEMICOLON

Tom has benefited from his exercise

program; he is slim and energetic.
Complex Sentence
 Complex Sentence

• A complex sentence has at least two

parts: one that can stand alone and
another one that cannot

• The part that cannot stand alone is linked

to the rest of the sentence by a
subordinating conjunction
 Examples
• I am wearing a pink dress when we go to the
party.

• Because he stayed out past curfew, he is

grounded.

• Even though she is lazy, her mother still

expects her to do chores.
 Complex Sentence

Since my friend and I wanted to have fun,

we went to the party yesterday.

 Complex Sentence

Since we wanted to have fun,

Subordinating Part that cannot stand alone

Conjunction

Subject Predicate

we went to the party yesterday.

 Complex Sentence

SUBJECT PREDICATE

even though

SUBJECT PREDICATE
 Complex Sentence

Bob is popular

even though

he is ugly.
 COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

The most common subordinating

conjunctions are "after," "although,"
"as," "because," "before," "how,"
"if," "once," "since," "than,"
"that," though," "till," "until,"
"when," "where," "whether,” and
while."
 COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Bob is popular even though he is ugly.

Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Dependent
 COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular.

Clause 1 Clause 2
Dependent Independent
Compound-Complex Sentence
Compound-Complex Sentence
• This type of sentence has more than one
part that can stand alone, and at least one
that cannot.

• Conjunctions link the different parts of this

sentence.
 Compound-Complex Sentence

Since we wanted to have fun,

my friend and I went to the party yesterday,

and we enjoyed a lot.

 Compound-Complex Sentence
Subordinating
Conjunction

Since we wanted to have fun,

Part that cannot stand alone

my friend and I went to the party,

Coordinating Subject Predicate

Conjunction

and we enjoyed a lot.

 Examples
• Whenever I am tardy to class, I must sign in on
a tardy sheet, and I must explain my reasons
to Miss Smith.

• Because it rained on Saturday, I was not able

to go to the Aquatic Center, nor was I allowed
to walk to Jamie’s house.
Compound-Complex Sentence
Mike is popular

because

he is good looking,

but

he is not very happy.

 Exercises

Say if the following sentences are:

Simple, compound, complex or
compound-complex.
1. The bell rang.
2. Ahmed ran the first part of the race, and
Umer biked the second part.
3. He stands at the bottom of the cliff while the
climber moves up the rock.
4. The skier turned and jumped.
5. Ali passed the test because he studied hard
and understood the material.
 Answers
1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Complex
4. Simple
5. Compound-complex
1. Because Sara has so much climbing experience
, we asked her to lead our group.
2. You and I need piano lessons.
3. I planned to go to the hockey game, but I
couldn’t get tickets.
4. Dorothy likes white water rafting, but she also
enjoys kayaking.
5. There are many problems to solve before this
program can be used, but engineers believe
that they will be able to solve them soon.
 Answers
1. Complex
2. Simple
3. Compound
4. Compound
5. Compound-complex
 Check Yourself!
Decide what sentence structure is used in the following sentences:
1.On being punished, he wept.
2.Barry and Jack played outside in the rain.
3.My friend arrived and we went for a walk.
4.My sister walked to the store when school was over.
5.After the dance, we all went out for ice cream.
6.Juan lost his homework, so he had to do it over.
7.Lisa loves pizza, so her dad took her to the best Italian restaurant in town.
8.Before he goes to school, John eats a good breakfast, so he can have energy
to focus on his work.
 Check Yourself!
Decide what sentence structure is used in the following sentences:
1.On being punished,he wept. Simple
2.Barry and Jack played outside in the rain. Simple
3.My friend arrived and we went for a walk. Compound
4.My sister walked to the store when school was over. Complex
5.After the dance, we all went out for ice cream. Complex
6.Juan lost his homework, so he had to do it over. Compound
7.Lisa loves pizza, so her dad took her to the best Italian restaurant in town.
Compound
8.Before he goes to school, John eats a good breakfast, so he can have energy
to focus on his work. Compound-complex
 Digital tool
• https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/
story.php?title=sentence-structure-simple-
compound-complex-compoundcomplex-
sentences
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