CRITICAL THINKING (2)

Meeting 4
Tri Ananti Listiana Ssi., MM
Ms. Ana
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HOW TO BE A CRITICAL THINKER?

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 VOCABULARY: PARTS OF SPEECH, WORD STRESS AND MEANING

multitude skepticism reliance refine ideology flawed embrace

pursue refute cherish perspective diverse indiscriminate rejection

assumption bias factual untenable claim dismiss intrinsic

intrinsic momentous trivial obstructive barrier dichotomy dichotomy

reluctance refusal ambiguity ignorance valid mystification profound

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NOUN Meaning
multitude a great number; many
reliance a state of needing someone or something for help, support, etc.; dependence

skepticism an attitude of doubting the truth of something (such as a claim or statement)

perspective outlook; point of view; mental view
ideology a set of ideas and beliefs of a group or political party
assumption a fact or statement taken for granted;
bias prejudice; unfair view; distorted opinion about something
rejection the action of rejecting; refusal
barrier something that blocks the passage of something; block
dichotomy a division into two
reluctance unwillingness
refusal an act of saying or showing that you will not do, give, or accept something
ambiguity something that does not have a single clear meaning
ignorance a lack of knowledge, understanding, or education; the state of being ignorant
mystification an act of confusing or instance of being confused
claim to assert in the face of possible contradiction
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VERB Meaning

refine to make something fine; to smoothen; to improve

cherish to feel or show great love (for someone or something); to

remember or hold dearly
pursue to follow and try to catch or capture

dismiss to decide not to think about or consider (someone or

something)
claim to say that (something) is true when some people may say it is
not true

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ADJECTIVE Meaning
diverse various and different
Indiscriminate not marked by careful distinction; random; haphazard
flawed imperfect; defected
factual based on fact
valid fair or reasonable; acceptable according to the law
intrinsic belonging to the essential nature of a thing; occurring as a natural part of
something
trivial not important; commonplace; ordinary
obstructive blocking; hindering
momentous very important; having great or lasting importance
untenable not capable of being defended against attack or criticism

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Activity

1. What is critical thinking?

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2. Why is critical thinking important?

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3. What is skepticism? Is skepticism a “healthy” trait of a critical thinker?

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 Critical
thinking
model

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BARRIERS TO CRITICAL THINKING
1. Basic Human Tendencies (Egocentric
Tendency and Sociocentric tendency)
2. Language Use
3. Fallacy

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BASIC HUMAN TENDENCIES
1. THE PROBLEM OF EGOCENTRICISM
= SELF-CENTERED

2. THE PROBLEM OF SOCIOCENTRICISM

= CULTURE-BOUND

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Discuss the homework

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BARRIERS DUE TO LANGUAGE USE

1. Vagueness unclear
2. Emotive word +/_ feelings
3. Ambiguity more than 1 meaning
4. Nice expressions nice words
5. Euphemisms soften the meaning
6. False implications misleading
7. Judgmental words looks like a fact
8. Meaningless comparisons than what?
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Exercise time...
Direction:
Discuss what is wrong with each statement.

1. Adestya told Aderina that she was hot.

2. Mrs. Sosronegoro, “Any student wearing inappropriate clothing
will receive detention.”
3. Yudhistira: The guy who jumped the farthest.
4. With her enormous bottom exposed to the sky, Rose Bukater
watched Titanic slowly sink.
5. “The assignment must be submitted on Monday!” said Ms. Anna.
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Exercise time...
Direction:
Discuss what is wrong with each statement.

1. Adestya told Aderina that she was hot.

(ambigue/vague)
2. Mrs. Sosronegoro, “Any student wearing inappropriate clothing will receive
detention.”
(vague)
3. Yudhistira: The guy who jumped the farthest.
(over-general)
4. With her enormous bottom exposed to the sky, Rose Bukater watched Titanic slowly
sink.
(false implication)
5. “The assignment must be submitted on Monday!” said Ms. Anna.
(vague)

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Answers:
1. The personal pronoun she here is ambiguous: it
can refer to Adestya or Aderina. The meaning of
hot is vague, e.g., is it in literal or figurative sense?
2. Inappropriate here is vague.
3. The guy who jumped the farthest is over-general.
4. The syntactical arrangement of the first clause
refers to the subject of the second, which does not
make senses/gives vagueness and false
implication
5. She could have been clearer if he had mentioned
which Monday it would be. So, it is vague.
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 Real Meaning or Euphemisms?
Direction: Match the left (real meanings) with the right (euphemisms)
1 Retarded A First-year student
2 Downsizing B Newly single
3 Used car C Enhanced interrogation technique
4 Deaf D Adult entertainment
5 Old people E Gaming
6 Divorced F Firing
7 Primitive G Pre-owned car
8 Pimples H Pacified
9 Pornography I Blemishes
10 Bombed J Preliterate
11 Torture K Hearing impaired
12 Freshman L Friendly shooting
13 Gambling M Mentally challenged
14 Accidental killing by fellow soldiers N Senior citizen

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Answers:

1=M
2=F
3=G
4=K
5=N
6=B
7=J
8=I
9=D
10=H
11=C
12=A
13=E
14=L
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 Fallacy

1. Ad Hominem hate the person

2. Ad Populum (Bandwagon) follow the crowd
3. Cherry Picking half truth
4. Hasty Generalization rush thinking/stereotype
5. Irrelevant Comparisons/Weak Analogy wrong
comparison
6. False Dilemma/False Dichotomy 2 dificult choices only
7. Irrelevant Appeal to Authority believe in well-known
person
8. Begging the Question need proofs
9. Post Hoc 1st event makes 2nd event
happens
10. Slippery Slope wrong conclusion

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Exercise time
Direction:
Identify the fallacy types. 1 argument has no fallacy.
1. Ford cars are no good. My father has had two and they gave him nothing but
trouble. ……………………………..

2. You shouldn’t give your employees a holiday break. If you do, they'll ask for
more breaks. ……………………………..
3. Of course men should wear gemstones! Gemstones are all the rage these days.
……………………………..
4. Bungee-jumping is dangerous because it’s unsafe. ……………………………..
5. A Saint Bernard dog is large, cuddly, furry, and makes a great house pet. A baby
grizzly bear is also large, cuddly, and furry. Therefore, a baby grizzly bear would
make a great house pet, too. ……………………………..

6. Dewi’s marketing proposal is ridiculous and can’t be original. Indeed, she was
caught cheating on the marketing class once. ……………………………..

7. I had been doing poorly last semester. Then my girlfriend gave me this necklace
and I got 3 A’s. This necklace must be a good luck. If I keep on wearing it my GPA ……………………………..
will surely improve!
8. Either you send your kids to PMBS or they will useless adults. ……………………………..
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Answers:
1. Hasty Generalization.
2. Slippery Slope = not give holiday break = wrong
conclusion.
3. Ad Populum/Bandwagon = follow the trend
4. Beging the Question = because it’s safe is not a proof.
5. Irrelevant Comparisons/Weak Analogy = A dog vs. A
bear?
6. Ad Hominem = hate Dewi
7. Post Hoc = 1st event: wearing necklace, 2nd event: GPA
improves
8. False Dillema/False Dichotomy = study at PMBS or
useless adults
9. Irrelevant Appeal to Authority = believe in a famous
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Review and application

What are some barriers to critical thinking?

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Models of questions asked by a critical thinker
TYPICAL QUESTIONS THAT REFLECT STANDARDS OF CRITICAL THINKING

Could you elaborate further?

Could you give me an example?
CLARITY Could you illustrate what you mean?

How could we check on that?

How could we find out if that is true?
ACCURACY How could we verify or test that?

Could you be more specific?

Could you give me more details?
PRECISION Could you be more exact?

How does that relate to the problem?

How does that bear on the question?
RELEVANCE How does that help us with the issue?

What factors make this a difficult problem?

What are some of the complexities of this question?
DEPTH What are some of the difficulties we need to deal with?

Do we need to look at this from another perspective?

Do we need to consider another point of view?
BREADTH Do we need to look at this in other ways?

Does all this make sense together?

Does your first paragraph fit in with your last?
LOGIC Does what you say follow from the evidence?

Is this the most important problem to consider?

Is this the central idea to focus on?
SIGNIFICANCE Which of these facts are most important?

Do I have any vested interest in this issue?

FAIRNESS Am I sympathetically representing the viewpoints of others?

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THANK YOU
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