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Von Sivers 3e Chapter 23 Instructor Lecture

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Catherine Porter
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28 views24 pages

Von Sivers 3e Chapter 23 Instructor Lecture

Uploaded by

Catherine Porter
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Creoles and Caudillos: Latin America in the Nineteenth Century,

1790-1917

Chapter 23
Independence, Constitutionalism, and
Landed Elites

• Independence movements began in South America in 1810


• Creoles in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay rebelled against
Napoleonic monarchy
• Splits between pro-independence and pro-royalist creoles
• After independence, four regions followed their own political
trajectories
Independence in the Southern Cone:
State Formation in Argentina

• Jose de San Martin liberated the


viceroyalties of the southern cone
• Buenos Aires developed into a successful
city-state that did not include Amerindians
and Creoles in rural areas
• Caudillos favored national unity for
Argentina, by military and authoritarian
means
• Settled the pampas region with immigrants

• Political instability remained a problem

Gauchos c.1900
Brazil: From Kingdom to Republic

Portugal’s royal family fled Napoleon


Turned Brazil into an authoritarian monarchy
British efforts to end slavery put pressure on the Brazilian
economy
Monarchy weakened, landowning elite created a federal
system
Coffee boom aided import-substitution industrialization
Independence and State Formation in
Western and Northern South America

• Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama had far fewer


creoles than the South
• Support of the pardos for independence was key
• Simon Bolivar built armies from diverse elements of
society, which led to his success
• Rivalry between creoles and pardons was a long term
weakness for these states
Bolivar the
Liberator led a
revolutionary
army that freed
the northern
states from
Spanish rule. He
then joined
forces with San
Martin to free the
Andes nations
Caudillo Rule

• Caudillo rule continued throughout the 19th century


• Ethnic and political struggles left governments weak
• Effort and money went into these struggles rather than
into development
• War of the Pacific weakened the Andean states
Independence and Political
Development in the North: Mexico

Mexican independence was dominated by landowning Creoles


Uprising against Spain began in 1810 by Miguel Hidalgo y
Costilla
He was captured and executed, but the war for independence
continued until 1821
Compromise between nationalists and royalists that created a
Mexican Empire, which didn’t last long
Land and Liberty, Diego Rivera
Northern Mexico and the Comanches

Home to the Comanches,


nomadic raiders

Mexican government supported


immigration from the US to
create a buffer with them

As US grew, northern Mexican


provinces looked very attractive
The US-Mexico War

Mexican president Santa Anna led


troops into Texas to rein in militias

Eventually defeated and Texas


declared independence (1836)

Texas joined the US, leading to war


with Mexico over a border dispute

Most of northern Mexico lost


The French Interlude in Mexico

After the war, liberals dominated the Mexican


government
French got involved in Mexico over unpaid debt
Emperor Napoleon III supported Austrian prince
Maximillian as emperor of Mexico
His reign didn’t last long, and was a political disaster
for Napoleon
Diaz’s Long Peace

Caudillo rule under Porfirio Diaz allowed


Mexico to stabilize
Developed infrastructure and industry
Authoritarian rule eventually turned much of the
population against him
The Early Mexican Revolution

Rigged election in 1910 led to


an anti-Diaz uprising

Quickly became a social and


economic, as well as political,
revolution

Pancho Villa led lower class


rebellion in the North

Emiliano Zapata in the South


Later Revolution

Constitutional revolution was not enough for Villa or Zapata


who wanted total economic change

Land reform was the divisive issue


Alvaro Obregon eventually defeated both and ended the
Revolution
Constitutional process had been expanded throughout society,
and the lower classes had made real economic gains
Latin American Society and Economy
in the Nineteenth Century

• Trade with Europe was radically altered by independence


• Production took time to recover and adjust to a free trade system
• Free trade benefited, and was protected by, Great Britain
• They were the main Atlantic power
• Creoles had led the wars of independence
• Large landowners were economically and politically conservative
• Dominated caudillo governments
• Urban creoles were the liberals, continually pushed for constitutional reform
Rebuilding Societies and Economies

• New republics wanted to limit the power of the Catholic Church


• Pope sided with Spain at first, refused to recognized them
• Formal split between state and Church was difficult, though,
because of split between liberals and conservatives
• Economic recovery was difficult because of political difficulties
Export-Led Growth

• Policies of export-led growth finally led to growing economies


• Raw Materials and Cash Crops were the first exports, particularly
minerals to feed growing European industries
• Industrial Revolution provided opportunities for broader range of
exports
• Living standards rose throughout the 19th century, although only a
few countries kept pace with industrialized nations
Labor and Immigrants

•Need for labor led to high


immigration, mostly fromAsia
•Labor shortages did not lead to
improved wages because of
racist policies

• Despite economic improvement, most workers were still farmhands or


tenants
• Little industrialization happened before WWI
Culture, Family, and the Status of
Women

• Church encouraged men to retain patriarchal control over


families
• Idea of separate spheres dominated, though there were
exceptions in reality
• Widows and single women retained a certain autonomy
Patterns Up Close
Slave rebellions in Cuba and Brazil, in the 19th century,
though inspired by Haiti, were unsuccessful.

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