MBA 825: COMPUTER APPLICATION

SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science)

N.A AZEEZ
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCES
FACULTY OF SCIENCE,
UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS.
E-mail: nazeez@unilag.edu.ng
Phone No: 07066838551
 Introduction: What is SPSS?
 Originally it is an acronym of Statistical Package for the
Social Science but now it stands for Statistical Product and
Service Solutions

 One of the most popular statistical packages which can

perform highly complex data manipulation and analysis
with simple instructions
 Popularity of SPSS?
 r4Stats.com
SPSS, R, SAS, Stata, MATLAB, Java, Statistical,
Hadoop, Python and 15 other analytics software were
examined……..Number of scholarly articles as of 2015
with different Statistical packages and languages.

SPSS was considered to be the first.

 Popularity of SPSS?
 r4Stats.com
SPSS, R, SAS, Stata, MATLAB, Java, Statistical,
Hadoop, Python and 15 other analytics software were
examined……..S/W with 250 jobs or more.

SPSS was considered to be the 6th…….

 Conclusion?
 The primary audience of SPSS is academic
researchers
 Setting up SPSS
 Versions (Release updates) – Year to year
 Editions (What is included???? Variations)
 Modules (Additional functions)
Versions
Version 1 came in in 1968, called “Statistical Packages
for the Social Science”

Version 24 in 2016, now called “IBM SPSS Statistics”

For MBA 825, I will be using version 27 on Windows.

(IBM SPSS Statistics 27)
It was briefly called “Predictive Analytics Software”
during a trademark dispute.
Editions
 Base Edition
 Standard Edition
 Professional Edition
 Premium Edition

Differ by price and functions included

 BASE Edition
 Basic statistics, linear regression,
clustering, and factor analysis
STANDARD EDITION

 Logisticregression, generalised LM, and

Survival analysis

 (What is LM?)
 PROFESSIONAL EDITION

 Data
prep., forecasting, decision tree, and
imputation
Premium Edition
 Bootstrapping, complex sampling, exact
testing , and SEM
Product pricing
 Base - $ 1,170
 Standard - $2,610
 Professional - $ 5,240
 Premium - $ 7,820

Note: Only for a single-user and desktop

application ---As of 2019.
Don’t panic
There are other ways:
 Free trial (14 days)
 Academic (@ $175 for 6 months – Student price)
MODULES
 Extral functions
Advanced statistics, bootstrapping, categories, complex
samples, conjoints, custom tables, data preparation,
decision trees, direct marketing, exact tests,
forecasting, missing values, neural networks and
regression.

Also, there are free plug-ins for R, Python, Java

& Microsoft.NET
Open it up!
SPSS ENVIRONMENT

Features of SPSS
Entering Data into SPSS
 Manual approach
 Copy and paste
 Importing dataset (local machine, cloud, storage device)
Entering Data into SPSS
 DATA VIEW
 VARIABLE VIEW

FORMATING STYLES
SPSS can open TXT, CSV , and even XLSX (if formatted
properly) files
ANALYSIS
 Mean, Median, Variance, Standard
Deviation, Minimum, Maximum, Range,
Interquartile range, Skewness, Kurtosis
 Opening SPSS
The default window will have the data editor
There are two sheets in the window:
1. Data view 2. Variable view
Scales of Measurement
• Nominal Scale - groups or classes
Gender
• Ordinal Scale - order matters
Ranks (top ten videos)
• Interval Scale - difference or distance matters – has
arbitrary zero value.
Temperatures (0F, 0C), Likert Scale
• Ratio Scale - Ratio matters – has a natural zero value.
Salaries
The basic analysis of SPSS that will be introduced
in this class
Frequencies
This analysis produces frequency tables showing
frequency counts and percentages of the values of
individual variables.
Descriptives
This analysis shows the maximum, minimum,
mean, and standard deviation of the variables
Linear regression analysis
Linear Regression estimates the coefficients of the
linear equation
Frequencies
Click ‘Analyze,’ ‘Descriptive statistics,’ then
click ‘Frequencies’
 Descriptives
The options allows you to analyze other
descriptive statistics besides the mean and Std.
Click ‘variance’ and ‘kurtosis’
Finally click ‘Continue’

Click

Click
 Descriptives
Finally Click OK in the Descriptives box. You
will be able to see the result of the analysis.
 Graphs
Click ‘Graphs,’ ‘Legacy Dialogs,’ ‘Interactive,’ and
‘Scatter plot’ from the main menu.
 Bar Chart

4.4
60

50 4.3

40
4.2

30
4.1

20

4.0

Mean EQ1
10
Percent

3.9
0
Missing Female Male
Missing Female Male

GENDER
GENDER
 Pie Chart

Male Missing
EQ5

EQ1

Female EQ4

EQ2

EQ3
 Line Chart

60 4.4

50
4.3

40
4.2

30

4.1
20

4.0

Mean EQ1
10
Percent

0 3.9
Missing Female Male Missing Female Male

GENDER GENDER
 Histogram
Histogram
Really just a bar chart that displays “Num of Cases” only
Click “Display Normal Curve” to inspect if your distribution
deviates from normal
300

200

100

Std. Dev = .86

Mean = 4.3
0 N = 614.00
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

EQ1
 Regression Analysis
Click ‘Analyze,’ ‘Regression,’ then
click ‘Linear’ from the main menu.
Regression Analysis
 One-Sample t Test

Tests for difference between sample mean and pre-determined

population mean

Click “Analyze”  “Compare Means”  “One- Sample T

Test…”

“Test Value” = Predetermined population mean

Options:
Exclude Cases Listwise = If multiple variables used, only use
cases that have values on ALL variables
Exclude Cases Analysis by Analysis
 One-Sample T Test

One-Sample Statistics

Std. Error
N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
EQ2 613 2.83 1.026 .041

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 0
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Mean Difference
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
EQ2 68.368 612 .000 2.83 2.75 2.91
 Independent-Samples t Test
Tests if two unrelated samples differ significantly from one another
Click “Analyze”  “Compare Means”  “Independent-Samples T
Test…”
“Test Variable(s)” = DV
“Grouping Variable” = IV
Click “Define Groups…”
MergeFile1.sav – Male = 1; Female = 0
If IV dimensional, can use cut point to create groups – i.e. x > 7 =
Grp 1, x ≤ 7 = Grp 2
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
If significant, equal variances cannot be assumed
 Independent-Samples t Test

Group Statistics

Std. Error
GENDER N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
EQ1 Female 326 4.30 .769 .043
Male 286 4.21 .962 .057

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Mean Std. Error Difference
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper
EQ1 Equal variances
5.118 .024 1.203 610 .230 .08 .070 -.053 .222
assumed
Equal variances
1.185 543.961 .236 .08 .071 -.055 .224
not assumed
Paired-Samples t Test
Tests if two related samples differ significantly from one another
Click “Analyze”  “Compare Means”  “Paired-Samples T Test…”
Paired Samples Statistics

Std. Error
Mean N Std. Deviation Mean
Pair EQ1 4.26 613 .860 .035
1 EQ2 2.83 613 1.026 .041

Paired Samples Correlations

N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 EQ1 & EQ2 613 .016 .684

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Std. Error Difference
Mean Std. Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1 EQ1 - EQ2 1.43 1.327 .054 1.32 1.53 26.657 612 .000
THANK YOU