Institutional Prayer

All:
Lord, we turn our life and will over to You
That we will cease to struggle alone
But instead allow You to lift us up
On eagle’s wings.
Leader:
Saint Michael, defender of the Church of God,
take us under your care and protection.
All:
This we humbly pray.
Amen
STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
COURSE OUTLINE
Lesson 1: RANDOM VARIABLES
Lesson 2: PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION AND
HISTOGRAM
Lesson 3: MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE
RANDOM VARIABLE
Lesson 4: NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Lesson 5: SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
COURSE OUTLINE
Lesson 6: MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION
Lesson 7: CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
Lesson 8: HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Lesson 9: THE T-DISTRIBUTION
Lesson 10: CORRELATION
I. Objectives/Expected Outcomes/Competencies:
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Review the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean.
2. Find the sample mean, variance and standard deviation from a
Frequency Distribution.
3. Illustrate the Central Limit Theorem.
4. Define the sampling distribution of the sample mean using Central
Limit Theorem.
REVIEW
A population consists of three numbers (2,4,6). Consider all
possible samples of size 2 which can be drawn without
replacement from the population.
Find the following:
a. Sample mean
b. Sample variance
c. Standard error
d. Mean of each sample and the mean of the sampling
distribution of means.
 FINDING THE SAMPLE MEAN,
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL VARIANCE AND S.D. FROM A
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Example:
The scores in Chemistry of randomly selected Grade 10
students are shown below. Solve for the:
a. sample mean
b. sample variance
c. sample standard deviation
 FINDING THE SAMPLE MEAN,
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL VARIANCE AND S.D. FROM A
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Score Frequency
60 - 64 1
65 - 69 2
70 - 74 2
75 - 79 4
80 - 84 6
85 - 89 8
90 - 94 5
95 - 99 7
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL SOLUTION

Score f
Class
Mark (x) 𝑥=
∑ 𝑓𝑥
60 - 64 1 62
𝑛
62 -23 529 529 2975
65 - 69 2 67 134 -18 324 648 𝑥=
70 - 74 2 72 144 -13 169
35
338
75 - 79 4 77 308 -8 64 256 𝒙 =𝟖𝟓
80 - 84 6 82 492 -3 9 54 Sample mean
85 - 89 8 87 696 2 4 32
90 - 94 5 92 460 7 49 245
95 - 99 7 97 679 12 144 1008
35 = 2975 ∑ 𝟐
𝒇 ( 𝒙− 𝒙 ) =¿3110
 FINDING THE SAMPLE MEAN,
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL VARIANCE AND S.D. FROM A
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
b. Sample variance
𝑠
2
=
∑ 𝑓 (𝑥−𝑥)
2

𝑛 −1
3110
2
𝑠 =
35 − 1
2 3110
𝑠 =
34¿𝟗𝟏.𝟒𝟕
c. Sample standard deviation
𝑠=√ 91.47
𝒔=𝟗 . 𝟓𝟔
 FINDING THE SAMPLE MEAN,
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL VARIANCE AND S.D. FROM A
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

The hourly rates of a sample of 70 contractual workers from

different fast-food chains in the city of Manila are shown in a
frequency distribution below.
Compute the following:
a. sample mean
b. sample variance
c. sample standard deviation
 FINDING THE SAMPLE MEAN,
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL VARIANCE AND S.D. FROM A
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Hourly rate Number of
workers (f)
35 - 37 3
38 - 40 8
41 - 43 12
44 - 46 20
47 - 49 13
50 - 52 11
53 - 55 3
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL SOLUTION

Score f
Class
Mark (x) 𝑥=
∑ 𝑓𝑥
35 – 37 3 36
𝑛
108 -9.3 86.49 259.47 3171
38 – 40 8 39 312 -6.3 39.69 317.52 𝑥=
41 – 43 12 42 504
70
-3.3 10.89 130.68
44 – 46 20 45 900 -0.3 0.09 1.8 𝒙=𝟒𝟓 .𝟑
47 – 49 13 48 624 2.7 7.29 94.77 Sample mean
50 – 52 11 51 561 5.7 32.49 357.39
53 – 55 3 54 162 8.7 75.69 227.07

70 = 3171 ∑ 𝒇 ( 𝒙− 𝒙 ) =¿1388.7
𝟐
 FINDING THE SAMPLE MEAN,
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL VARIANCE AND S.D. FROM A
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
b. Sample variance
𝑠
2
=
∑ 𝑓 (𝑥−𝑥)
2

𝑛 −1
1388.7
2
𝑠 =
70 − 1
2 1388.7
69¿𝟐𝟎.𝟏𝟑
𝑠 =
c. Sample standard deviation
𝑠=√ 20 . 13
𝒔=𝟒 . 𝟒𝟗
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PRACTICE

The age in years of 50 persons who were affected by dengue

last month in a certain town in Bulacan is presented below.
(See next slide.)
Compute the following:
a. sample mean
b. sample variance
c. sample standard deviation
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PRACTICE

Age f
20 – 22 2
23 – 25 4
26 – 28 6
29 – 31 8
32 – 34 10
35 – 37 8
38 – 40 6
41 – 43 5
44 – 46 1
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL SOLUTION

Class
Age (f)
Mark (x)
20 – 22 2 21 42 -11.94 142.56 285.12∑ 𝑓𝑥
23 – 25 4 24 96 -8.94 79.92 319.68 𝑥=
𝑛
26 – 28 6 27 162 -5.94 35.28 211.68 1647
29 – 31 8 30 240 -2.94 8.64 69.12 𝑥=
32 – 34 10 33 330 0.06 0.0036 0.036
50
35 – 37 8 36 288 3.06 9.36 𝒙=𝟑𝟐. 𝟗𝟒
74.88
38 – 40 6 39 234 6.06 36.72 220.32
41 – 43 5 42 210 9.06 82.08 410.42
44 – 46 1 45 45 12.06 145.44 145.44
50 = 1647 ∑ 𝟐
𝒇 ( 𝒙− 𝒙 ) =¿1736.7
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL SOLUTION

b. Sample variance
2
𝑠 =
∑ 𝑓 (𝑥−𝑥)
2

𝑛 −1
1736.7
2
𝑠 =
50 − 1
2 1736.7
49¿𝟑𝟓.𝟒𝟒
𝑠 =
c. Sample standard deviation
𝑠=√ 35 . 44
𝒔=𝟓 . 𝟗𝟓
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

The central limit theorem in statistics states that, given a

sufficiently large sample size, (usually n > 30), the
sampling distribution of the mean for a variable will
approximate a normal distribution regardless of that
variable’s distribution in the population.
The central limit theorem applies to sampling from infinite
population, and it justifies the use of normal curve methods
for a wide range of problems.
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

Formula:

where = sample mean

= population mean
= population standard deviation
n = sample size
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

Example 1: The average time it takes a group of college

students to complete a certain examination is 46.2
minutes. The standard deviation is 8 minutes. Assume that
the variable is normally distributed.
a. What is the probability that a randomly selected college
student will complete the examination in less than 43
minutes?
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

STEP 1: Identify the given information.

= 46.2 = 8 x = 43
STEP 2: Identify what is asked for.
𝑃 ( 𝑥 < 43 )
STEP 3: Identify the formula to be used then solve.
Since there is no sample size (n), the formula to be used is:
 LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

𝑥 − μ 43 − 46.2 −3 .2
Convert to z. 𝑧 = ¿ ¿ ¿−𝟎.𝟒𝟎
σ 8 8
STEP 4: Get the area under the normal curve.
0.40 𝟎.𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟒
0.5000− 0.1554=𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟔
100 = 34.46%
So, the probability that a randomly selected
college student will complete the exam in
less than 43 minutes is 34.46% 46.2
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

b. If 50 randomly selected college students take the

examination, what is the probability that the mean time it
takes the group to complete the test will be less than 43
minutes?
STEP 1: Identify the given information.
= 46.2 = 8 = 43 n = 50
STEP 2: Identify what is asked for.
𝑃 ( 𝑥 < 43 )
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

STEP 3: Identify the formula to be used.

Here, we are dealing with data about the sample means so
we will use the formula for CLT to standardize 43.
𝑥 − μ 43 − 46.2 − 3 .2 − 3 .2
𝑧= ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ −𝟐 . 𝟖𝟑
σ 8 8 1.13
√𝑛 √50 7.07

STEP 4: Get the area under the normal curve.

LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

STEP 4: Get the area under the normal curve.

- 𝟎.𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟕
0.5000− 0.4977=𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑
100 = 0.23%
So, the probability that 50 randomly
selected college student will 46.2
complete the exam in less than 43
minutes is 0.23%
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

Example 2: The average number of milligrams (mg) of

cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand of ice cream is 660
mg, and the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume that the
variable is normally distributed.
a. If a cup of ice cream is selected, what is the probability
that the cholesterol content will be more than 670 mg?
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

STEP 1: Identify the given information.

= 660 = 35 x = 670
STEP 2: Identify what is asked for.
𝑃 ( 𝑥 > 670 )
STEP 3: Identify the formula to be used then solve.
Since there is no sample size (n), the formula to be used is:
 LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

𝑥 − μ670 −660 10
Convert to z. 𝑧 = ¿ ¿ ¿𝟎.𝟐𝟗
σ 35 35
STEP 4: Get the area under the normal curve.
0.29 𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟏
0.5000− 0.1141=𝟎.𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟗
100 = 38.59%
So, the probability that the cholesterol
content will be more than 670 mg is
38.59% 660
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

b. If a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is selected, what is the

probability that the mean of the sample will be larger than 670
mg?

STEP 1: Identify the given information.

= 660 = 35 = 670 n = 10
STEP 2: Identify what is asked for.
𝑃 ( 𝑥 > 670 )
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

STEP 3: Identify the formula to be used.

Here, we are dealing with data about the sample means so
we will use the formula for CLT to standardize 670.
𝑥 − μ 670 −660 10 10
𝑧= ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ 𝟎 . 𝟗𝟎
σ 35 35 11.08
√𝑛 √ 10 3.16

STEP 4: Get the area under the normal curve.

LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

STEP 4: Get the area under the normal curve.

0.90 𝟎.𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟗
0.5000− 0.3159=𝟎.𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟏
100 = 18.41%
So, the probability that the mean
cholesterol content of 10 randomly 660
selected cups of ice cream will be
more than 670 mg is 18.41%
LLL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PRACTICE

The amount of impurity in a batch of a chemical product is

a random variable with mean value 4.0 g and standard
deviation 1.5 g.

If 50 batches are independently prepared, what is the

(approximate) probability that the average amount of
impurity in these 50 batches is between 3.5 and 3.8 g?
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

That’s all for

today,
See you next
meeting!