Quantitative and Qualitative Research:

 As a second step in both researches we have

3 stages :
1. Methodology.
2. Literature Reviews.
3. Theoretical Framework.
Research Methodologies:
The methodology in Both Qualitative & Quantitative research:
 First determine if the research is qualitative or quantitative
research. Then determine tools , samples and the
methodology used which might be in different shapes.

Methodology in qualitative research: This methodology is

based on obtaining deep, contextualized, non-numerical
data. It can occur, for example, through open-ended
questioning of research participants in order to understand
human behavior. It’s all about describing and
analyzing subjective phenomena such as emotions or
experiences.

Methodology in quantitative research: This methodology is

rationally-based and relies heavily on numerical analysis of
empirical data. With quantitative research, you aim for
objectivity by creating hypotheses and testing them through
experiments or surveys, which allow for statistical analyses.
Qualitative Research Methodologies:
 The methodology used in this research could be inductive
or descriptive and has diverse of designs used through it:
 Ethnographic Design: This type of research aims to
understand the shared beliefs, practices, and values of a
particular community by immersing the researcher within the
cultural group.
 Although ethnographic research cannot predict or identify trends
in an entire population, it can create detailed explanations of
cultural practices and comparisons between social and cultural
groups.
 Common methods researchers use during an ethnographic study
include participant observation, thick description, unstructured
interviews, and field notes vignettes. These methods can provide
detailed and contextualized descriptions of their subjects.
 For example: Conducting a study about dining rituals in a specific
community , the researcher participates in social event , observes
food preparation and notes how people interact during meals.
Grounded Design(Theory):

 Involves generating hypotheses and theories through the

collection and interpretation of data . Its distinguishing features
that it doesn’t test a hypothesis generated prior to analysis, but
rather generates a hypothesis or ‘theory’ that emerges from the
data. Working on pose a question, then collects data, and the
theoretical framework is said to emerge later from this data.

 For example : making open interviews with individuals living

with chronic diseases , through interview ; the researchers don’t
forward determined questions, rather than the participants
should share their experiences loosely . Then, the data are
analyzed deeply to discover new concepts and patterns. This
helps to create a new theory without depending on previous
ones.
Phenomenology Design:
 Phenomenology aims to understand and describe lived individuals’
experiences concerning a specific phenomenon. As a research methodology
typically used in the social sciences, phenomenology involves the study of
social reality. For example; when researcher conducts a study on the
experience of individuals who have survived near- death indicates. Interviews
are directed towards exploring their experiences in greater detail. In this
context, researcher seeks to understand the critical moments described by
individuals to make him\her building a profound understanding of the
studied phenomenon.

 Narrative Design: Narrative research explores personal stories and

experiences to understand their meanings and interpretations. This approach
to research uses qualitative materials like journals, field notes, letters,
interviews, texts, photos, etc., as data.
 It is aimed to understanding the way people create meaning through
narratives. For example: a study of how people have recovered from
addiction. Through in-depth interviews the researcher collects personal
narratives , allowing participants to share their experiences , struggles and
transformations over time. In short, the personal narrative helps to
understand the person’s experience.
Case Study Design:
 Conducts an in-depth examination of a specific case, individual,
or event to understand a phenomenon. the
benefit of case study research is its ability to elucidate overlooked
details of interesting cases of a phenomenon .It offers deep
insights for empathetic, reflective, and thoughtful understandings
of that phenomenon. For example: a study of applying a new
interactive approach in teaching mathematics at elementary
school. The researcher shall observe the lessons, conducts
interviews with teachers & students and collect exam’s results.
 On another hand there are many designs types used in
methodology of (Quantitative research):
 Experimental Design: this type of research is based on testing
hypotheses in experimental settings by manipulating variables and
observing their effects on other variables. The main benefit lies in
its ability to manipulate specific variables to determine their effect
on outcomes. This is common, for example, in high-school
science labs, where students are asked to introduce a variable into
a setting in order to examine its effect.

Non-Experimental Design:

 Non-experimental design observes and measures associations between

variables without manipulating them. for example, the form of a
‘fly on the wall’ observation of a phenomenon, allowing researchers to
examine authentic settings and changes that occur naturally in the
environment.
 Descriptive Design: could be used in both qualitative and quantitative
research, for example, here has two types:

 Correlational Design: Correlational research examines the relationships

between two or more variables, determining the strength and direction of
their association. This type of research focuses on relationship differences
between variables. For example: why boys are more talented in athletics
more than girls and why girls are more talented than boys in painting?
 Survey Design: is a design when the researcher asks people to get
their answers. It considers as a public opinion with a big sample using
determined questions in the questionnaire.

A clarified example about using
methodology in research:
 An example about methodology used in
qualitative research: a study about: “
Assessing the impact of climate changes on
the marine environment of the north Atlantic
coast”. The methodology used in this
research is descriptive by relying on
observation and interviews with local
freshmen & environment experts , as well as
content analysis to understand their opinions
and experiences. And depending on marine
samples collection.
Tools and Samples in Qualitative
Research:
 The tools used in qualitative research; participants
observations, interviews, focus groups and content
analysis in order to understand the phenomenon.
 While the samples used in qualitative research are:
1- purposeful sample: it’s a specific –sized sample
has an enough information with determined site
about the study and no needed to generalized the
results on other similar cases.
 2 comprehensive sample: it includes everyone in the
sample because it’s a small sample .
 3- Maximum Sample: includes inclusive participants
in the sample.
Tools and Samples in Quantitative
Research:
 Tools in quantitative research : Statistics ,
questionnaires includes Variables, hypotheses
and sometimes interviews might be used.
 Samples used in quantitative research: it could
be either probability or non-probability samples:
 Probability samples: simple random, systematic
sample, stratified sample and cluster sample.
 Non-probability samples: snowball sample and
convenient sample.
Literature Rivew:
 Literature review or (previous studies): be as a
second level in both qualitative and
quantitative researches. It be written either as
a separate paragraphs or as an essay, among
6-10 studies .
 Further information: the researcher could

write it according from the oldest study to the

newest one.
Continue:
 It’s a previous study from many sources such
as ; books, magazines, articles, dissertations
or previous person’s experiences etc… aims to
saving the researcher’s time and effort and
answering a large number of questions on
researcher’s mind. Help the researcher avoid
making the mistakes that previous researchers
made. Develop research’s problem ,
objectives, questions, and hypotheses. In
addition to, provide sources and references
related to the topics of the research.
How to write literature review in research?
 There are several elements should be followed in research writing:

 1- The name of researcher : the researcher must mention the names of the researchers
who authored the previous studies that he returned to during his scientific research.
 2- Writing the year of publication of the study: The researcher must write the date of the
year in which the scientific research was published.

 3- Objectives of the study: The researcher must determine the objectives that he seeks to
achieve from the previous studies.

 4- Reading and summarizing the inductive reading about phenomena in qualitative

research and descriptive reading about previous numerical data or statistics ,
questionnaires about quantitative research.

 5-Mentioning the study methodology: The researcher must talk about the study
methodology .

 6- Results of previous studies: The researcher must talk about the results of previous
studies that he returned to, and make comparisons between them and his scientific
research.

 7-presentation of recommendations: The researcher must present all the

recommendations contained in the previous studies he conducted.
Example:
An example about literature review in quantitative research in Education Field:

1- A study ( Hamdan, 2006), “ The effectiveness of continuing education in achieving development in

technical colleges in the Gaza government”: The study aimed to identify the most important
problems facing continuing education during the implementation of training programs, and to
identify the programs that receive great demand and the programs that are poorly received by the
beneficiaries of the courses. The study sample included all deans of technical colleges, heads of
continuing education departments, and heads of academic departments in (4) technical colleges in
the Gaza governorates, totaling (40) individuals. The researcher used the descriptive approach
followed by the analytical method as a method for the study, and used a questionnaire of (32)
questions distributed over nine areas program planning, program implementation, program
evaluation, demand for programs, training programs, activities and events, field studies and
consultations, cooperation and coordination with technical colleges and other universities, future
aspirations and proposals) As a tool for the study.

The researcher has achieved Many results, the most important of which are: -1- The most important
problems facing continuing education during the implementation of training programs are the
absence of students and teachers from joining training courses, the difficult economic conditions, as
well as barriers and closures. continued by the occupation authorities. -2- The study showed that
the most successful and popular programs are: continued The beneficiaries of the courses are
represented by special programs Contractual contracts that are regulated for the benefit of private
parties, and to weaken them The most popular programs are summer training programs Professional
training for in-service employees.
Theoretical Framework:
 The concept of the theoretical framework is
divided into two parts. The first is the word
“frame” and its plural is “frames” . It’s mean
limits and components of scientific research.
The second is the word (theoretical), and the
word theoretical is derived from
consideration, and theoretical science is that
which depends on everything that is written.
And whatever the researcher is writing in
research expresses about its point of view.
More Explanations:
 The importance of theoretical framework in
scientific research:
 Determine how the main concepts and terms be formulated.

 Lead to analyze process and write the results.

 It shall be general to cover required- enough information.

 Should be quoted from reliable sources such as books,

magazines, etc…

 The researcher should treatment clearly the subject of

research.
Conditions related for creating good scientific research :
 It should constitute the basic structure for the idea of research.

 theoretical framework’s subjects should be suitable to the research.

 The researcher should determine and define the variables well then
interpret them,
( independent & dependent variables) for instance: "What is the effect of
price changes on the demand for a particular product in the consumer
market?" in quantitative, we will define the independent variable : price
changes and dependent variable :demand for a particular product in the
consumer market.

Phenomena in qualitative research. For instance: "How do social media

influencers construct their online personas, and how do they engage with
their followers to create a sense of community?“. We will define social
media, influencers, mention examples about social media sites etc...

 Documentation sources in text by writing

 ( researcher’s name, year). And document them also in references & sources
list at the end of paper.
Example:
An example of framework about qualitative research titled “Children labor and
its relationship to family social conditions”. So the main concepts should be
defined widely in the framework, for instance:

Child concept: A child is defined as a person under the age of eighteen. All
rights apply to all children without exception, and it is the duty of the state to
protect children against any form of discrimination and to work positively to
promote these rights.
(Hamad, 2000).

Labor: an activity done by people from all ages and aims to achieve goals.
( Author , year).

Children Labor: As Al-Zubaidi said phenomenon that refers to the exploitation

of children in any form of labor, which deprives children of their childhood,
hinders their ability to go to school, and has a harmful mental, physical, social,
or moral impact.( Al-Zubaidi, 2016).

Family: is a group of people linked by marriage, blood or adoption, who live in

one house, share their lives and grow up together.) Abu Kamel, 2019).

Social Conditions: Any existing circumstance, situations, or conditions that

affects a person’s life, well-being, or relationships in society.) Unknown, 2010).
Another Example:
 An example about framework in quantitative research:
 A study about:” Social intelligence and its relationship to academic
achievement: A field study on third-year middle school students”.

 The framework will cover the Keywords: intelligence; Social Intelligence;

Academic achievement; middle education; Third year middle school students .

 In addition to, defines the hypotheses, such as, 1- There is a positive,

statistically significant correlation between social intelligence and academic
achievement among third-year middle school students. Define the
independent variable (social intelligence), and dependent variable(academic
achievement) with more explanations.
 2- There is a difference in the degrees of social intelligence among students
depending on the level of academic achievement (low or high) among third-
year intermediate students.
Thanks For Listening.

Mays Shehade .