HYADATID DISEASE

AND TINEA SOLEUM

REAGAN ATUTI
MITCHELLE PALLAVI
ANDRIANA KURIA
THUREYA NOORKEY
NICOLE BARONGO
NAJMA HUSSEIN
AYAAN KHAWLA
SHARLEEN MBATIA
DEFINITION

• The tapeworm Echinoccocus granulosus is the most common species of

Echinoccocus and causes cystic hydatid disease.
• Infectious agent; Echinoccocus granulosus, a small tapeworm of the dog.
EPIDEMIOLOGY

• Occurrence- Occurs on all continents except Antarctica.

• Especially common in grazing countries where dogs consume viscera
containing cysts
RESERVOIR

• Domestic dogs and other canines are definitive hosts.

• They may harbor thousands of adult tapeworms in the intestines without a
sign of infection.
• Sheep act as an intermediate host.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION

• Hydatidosis is caused by the cysts of the dog tapeworm known as Echinoccocus

granulosus.
• Dogs and other carnivores such as Jackals and lions are the hosts of the dog
tapeworm. The eggs are passed in the faeces of an infected dog and ingested by
domesticated animals such as sheep, goat, cattle and camels.
• The eggs hatch with the animals intestine and penetrate through the intestinal wall to
the portal circulation.
• They are then carried ro the liver and lungs where they form many cysts
CT…..

• When a dog eats the deceased animal it becomes infected with these cysts
which then proceed to develop into mature worms
• Human beings become infected when they accidentally ingest eggs from dog
faeces. The larvae migrate from the intestine to the liver causing cysts. The
larvae can also cause its cysts in other tissues in the body.
• Incubation period; Variable from 12 to many years depending on the
number and location of cysts and how rapidly they grow
LIFE CYCLE

• The adult Echinococcus multilocularis (1.2—4.5 mm long) image resides in the small intestine of the definitive host.
Gravid proglottids release eggs image that are passed in the feces, and are immediately infectious. After ingestion by a
suitable intermediate host, eggs hatch in the small intestine and releases a six-hooked oncosphere image that penetrates the
intestinal wall and migrates through the circulatory system into various organs (primarily the liver for E. multilocularis).
The oncosphere develops into a multi-chambered (“multilocular”), thin-walled (alveolar) hydatid cyst image that
proliferates by successive outward budding. Numerous protoscolices develop within these cysts. The definitive host
becomes infected by ingesting the cyst-containing organs of the infected intermediate host. After ingestion, the
protoscolices image evaginate, attach to the intestinal mucosa image , and develop into adult stages image in 32 to 80 days.

• Humans are aberrant intermediate hosts, and become infected by ingesting eggs image . Oncospheres image are released in
the intestine and cysts develop within in the liver image . Metastasis or dissemination to other organs (e.g., lungs, brain,
heart, bone) may occur if protoscolices are released from cysts, sometimes called “secondary echinococcosis.”
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

• Asymptomatic Phase
• Liver Involvement
• Abdominal Pain
• Jaundice
• Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver may be palpable.
• Rupture of Cyst: Can cause severe allergic reactions or anaphylaxis, and spread of cysts within the abdominal cavity.
• Lung Involvement
• Chest Pain
• Cough
• Dyspnea
• Brain: Seizures, neurological deficits, and increased intracranial pressure.
• Bones: Pathological fractures or chronic pain due to bone destruction.
DIAGNOSIS

• History of residence in an endemic area along with association with canines

• Sonography and CT scan
• Serologic test
MANAGEMENT

• Management is based on considerations of the size, location and

manifestation of cysts.
• Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice due to frequency of cases.
• Albendazole is the drug of choice, 20mg/kg BD for 30days.
• For fluid filled solitary cysts in the liver/spleen an ultra sound guided
procedure called PAIR- Puncture, Aspiration, Instillation and Reaspiration
• Endocystectomy- Surgical removal of the cysts
PREVENTION AND CONTROL

• Educate the public at risk to avoid exposure to dog feces.

• Handwashing should be emphasized.
• Interrupt transmission from intermediate to definitive hosts by preventing
dogs’ access to uncooked viscera.
• Safe disposal of infected viscera.
• Periodical treatment of high-risk dogs.
TINEA SOLEUM
• Tinea soleum commonly known as pork tape worm can cause tooo many conditions.
• Can cause TEANIASIS this occurs when humans consume undercooked pork
containing the larval sizt of taenia soleum. The larvae develops into an adult tape
worm in the intestines.
• Cysticerosis happens when ingest tinea soleum eggs which are usualy found in
contaminated water, food or surfaces.
• Once ingested the egg hatch into larvae and then migrates through the blood stream
and form yst in various tissues of the body.
Reservoir: Human beings are definitive hosts, cattle and pigs are
intermediate hosts
Distribution-world wide.espe where beef is eaten raw
LIFE CYCLE

1. Ingestion of Eggs- Human Ingestion: Humans accidentally ingest Taenia solium eggs, which can be present in
contaminated food, water, or surfaces. This can occur through fecal-oral transmission, often from poor
hygiene or contact with contaminated environments.
2. Eggs Hatch in the Intestine - Once ingested, the eggs hatch in the small intestine, releasing the oncospheres
(larval form of the parasite).
3. Larval Migration - The oncospheres penetrate the intestinal wall and enter the bloodstream. They are then
carried throughout the body to various tissues, including muscles, skin, eyes, and the central nervous system.
4. Cyst Formation (Cysticercosis) - In the tissues, the larvae develop into cysticerci (small, fluid-filled cysts).
This stage is known as cysticercosis. The cysticerci can remain viable for years, causing symptoms based on
their location and the host’s immune response.
 LIFE CYCLE CT…..
5. Tissue Damage and Symptoms
- Muscles: Cysts in muscles may cause little to no symptoms, though in some cases, there can be muscle
pain or swelling.
- Central Nervous System: When cysts form in the brain (neurocysticercosis), they can lead to seizures,
headaches, and other neurological problems. This is the most serious form of cysticercosis.
- Eyes: Cysts in the eyes can cause visual disturbances and potentially lead to blindness if untreated.
6. Death of the Cysticerci - Over time, the cysticerci may die, leading to an inflammatory response as the
body tries to eliminate the dead larvae. This inflammation can worsen symptoms, particularly in the brain.
7. No Adult Worms Formed in Tissues - Importantly, the cycle does not progress to adult tapeworm
formation within human tissues. The adult Taenia solium tapeworms only develop in the intestine if a
person ingests undercooked pork containing cysticerci.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

• Seizures: The most common symptom of neurocysticercosis, often being the initial
presentation.
• Headaches: Persistent or severe headaches are common due to the presence of cysts in the
brain.
• Hydrocephalus: Occurs when cysts block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, leading to increased
intracranial pressure.
• Visual Impairment: Blurred vision, decreased visual acuity, or vision loss can occur if cysts
develop in or near the retina or optic nerve.
SYMPTOMS CT…

• Muscle Pain: Myalgia or pain in the muscles, often due to inflammation around the
cysts.
• Swelling: Palpable lumps under the skin or in the muscles may be noticed.
• Arrhythmias: Cysts in the heart can cause irregular heart rhythms.
• Heart Failure: In rare cases, extensive cystic involvement may lead to heart failure
symptoms.
• Oral Cysticercosis: Rarely, cysts can form in the mouth, causing swelling and
discomfort.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
• Imaging: CT scans, MRI, and X-rays are critical for detecting cysts in the brain,
muscles, and other tissues.-
• Serology: Blood tests to detect antibodies against
Treatment
• Antiparasitic Drugs: Albendazole and praziquantel are commonly used to kill the
cysts.
• Corticosteroids: To reduce inflammation and prevent complications during
treatment.
• Anticonvulsants: For managing seizures associated with neurocysticercosis.
• Surgery: Sometimes necessary to remove cysts, especially in cases of ocular or
large cysts in critical locations.