Chapter 14 : Kinematics Of A Particle –

Work and Energy

 Chapter Objectives

• To develop the principle of work and energy and apply

it to solve problems that involve force, velocity, and
displacement.
• To study problems that involve power and efficiency.
• To introduce the concept of a conservative force and
apply the theorem of conservation of energy to solve
kinetic problems.

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 Chapter Outline

• The work of a Force

• Principle of Work and Energy
• Principle of Work and Energy for a System of
Particles
• Power and Efficiency
• Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
• Conservation of Energy

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 The Work of a Force

• A force F does work on a particle only when the

particle undergoes a displacement in the direction
of the force.
• Consider the force acting on
the particle
• If the particle moves along
the path s from position r to
new position r’, displacement
dr = r’ – r

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 The Work of a Force

• Magnitude of dr is represented by ds, differential

segment along the path
• If the angle between tails of dr and F is θ, work
dU done by F is a scalar quantity
dU = F ds cos θ
dU = F·dr
• Resultant interpreted in two ways
1) Product of F and the component of
displacement in the direction of the force ds cos θ
2) Product of ds and component of force in the
direction of the displacement F cos θ
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 The Work of a Force

• If 0° < θ < 90°, the force component and the

displacement has the same sense so that the work
is positive
• If 90° < θ < 180°, the force component and the
displacement has the opposite sense so that the
work is negative
• dU = 0 if the force is perpendicular to the
displacement since cos 90° = 0 or if the force is
applied at a fixed point where displacement = 0
• Basic unit for work in SI units is joule (J)

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 The Work of a Force

• This unit combines the units for force and

displacement
• 1 joule of work is done when a force of 1 newton
moves 1 meter along its line of action
1J = 1N.m
• Moment of a force has this same combination of
units, however, the concepts of moment and work
are in no way related
• A moment is s vector quantity, whereas work is a
scalar

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 The Work of a Force

Work of a Variable Force.

• If the particle undergoes a finite displacement
along its path from r1 to r2 or s1 to s2, the work is
determined by integration.
• If F is expressed as a function of position, F =
F(s),
r2 s2
U1 2   F .dr   F cos ds
r1 s1

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 The Work of a Force

• If the working component of the force, F cos θ, is

plotted versus s, the integral in this equation can
be interpreted as the area under the curve from
position s1 to position s2

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 The Work of a Force

Work of a Constant Force Moving Along a

Straight Line.
• If the force Fc has a constant magnitude and acts
at a constant angle θ from its straight line path,
then the components of Fc in the direction of
displacement is Fc cos θ

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 The Work of a Force

• The work done by Fc when the particle is

displaced from s1 to s2 is determined
s2
U1 2  Fc cos  ds
s1
or U1 2  Fc cos ( s2  s1 )

The work of Fc represents the area of the

rectangle

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 The Work of a Force

Work of a Weight.
• Consider a particle which moves up along the
path s from s1 to position s2.
• At an intermediate point, the displacement dr =
dxi +dyj + dzk. Since W = -Wj
r2 ~ ~ ~ ~
U1 2   F .dr   (Wj ).(dx i  dyj  dzk )
r1
y2
  Wdy  W ( y2  y1)
y1
U1 2  Wy
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 The Work of a Force

• Work done is equal to the magnitude of the

particle’s weight times its vertical displacement.
• If W is downward and ∆y is
upward, work is negative
• If the particle is displaced
downward (-∆y), the work of
the weight is positive.

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 The Work of a Force

Work of a Spring Force.

• The magnitude of force developed in a linear
elastic spring when the spring is displaced a
distance s from its unstretched position is Fs = ks.
• If the spring is elongated or compressed from a
position s1 to s2, the W.D on spring by Fs is positive,
since force and displacement are in the same
direction.

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 The Work of a Force

s2 s2
U1 2   Fs ds   ks ds
s1 s1
1 2 1 2
 ks2  ks1
2 2

• This equation represents the

trapezoidal area under the line
Fs=ks

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 The Work of a Force

• If a particle is attached to a spring, then the force

Fs exerted on the particle is opposite to that exerted
on the spring.
• The force will do negative work on the particle
when the particle is moving so as to further
elongate (or compress) the spring.

 1 2 1 2
U1 2   ks2  ks1 
2 2 

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 Example 14.1

The 10-kg block rest on a smooth incline. If the

spring is originally stretched 0.5 m, determine the
total work done by all forces acting on the block
when a horizontal force P = 400 N pushes the
block up the plane s = 2 m.

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 Example 14.1
View Free Body Diagram

Horizontal Force P. Since this

force is constant, the work is
determined using
U P  400 N 2m cos 30  
 692.8 J
Spring Force Fs. The spring is stretched to its
final position s2 = 0.5 + 2 = 2.5 m. The work is
negative since force and displacement are in
opposite directions.
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 Example 14.1

The work of Fs is thus

1 2 1
U s    (30 N / M )( 2.5m)  (30 N / M )(0.5m) 2   90 J

2 2 
Weight W. Weight acts in the opposite
direction to its vertical displacement, the work is
negative.
UW  98.1N (2m sin 30 )  98.1J

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 Example 14.1

Normal Force NB. This force does no work

since it is always perpendicular to the
displacement.
Total Work. The work of all the forces when
the block is displaced 2 m is thus
UT  692.8  90  98.1  505 J

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 Principle of Work and Energy

• Consider a particle P, which

at the instant considered
located on the path as
measured from an inertial
coordinate system
• For the particle in the
tangential direction, ∑Ft = mat
s2 v2
 s1 Ft ds  v1 mv dv
s2 1 2 1 2
 s1 Ft ds  mv2  mv1
2 2
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 Principle of Work and Energy

• For principle of work and energy for the particle,

1 2 1 2
U12  2 mv2  2 mv1
• Term on the LHS is the sum of work done by all
the forces acting on the particle as the particle
moves from point 1 to point 2
• Term on the RHS defines the particle’s final and
initial kinetic energy
• Both terms are always positive scalars

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 Principle of Work and Energy

T1  U1 2  T2

• The particle’s initial kinetic energy plus the work

done by all the forces acting on the particle as it
moves from initial to its final position is equal to the
particle’s final kinetic energy
• For example, if a particle’s initial speed is known
and the work of all the forces acting on the particle
can be determined, the above eqn provides a direct
means of obtaining the final speed v2 of the particle
after it undergoes a specified displacement
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 Principle of Work and Energy

• If instead v2 is determined by means of the

equation of motion, a two step process is
necessary, apply ∑Ft = mat to obtain at , then
integrate at = v dv/ds to obtain v2.
• Principle of work and energy cannot be used to
determine forces directed normal to the path of the
motion since these forces do no work on the
particle
• For curved paths, however, the magnitude of the
normal force is s function of speed
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 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

Work (Free-Body Diagram)

• Establish the initial coordinate system and draw a
FBD of the particle to account for all the forces that
do work on the particle as it moves along its path

Principle of Work and Energy

• Apply the principle of work and energy
T1  U1 2  T2
• The kinetic energy at the initial and final points is
always positive since it involves the speed squared
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 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

• A force does work when it moves through a

displacement in the direction of the force
• Work is always positive when the force component
is in the same direction as its displacement,
otherwise, it is negative
• Forces that are functions of displacement must be
integrated to obtain the work
• Graphically, the work is equal to the area under
the force-displacement curve
• The work of a weight is the product of the weight
magnitude and the vertical displacement
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 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

• It is positive when the weight moves downwards

• The work of the spring is in the form of
1 2
U s  ks
2
where k is the spring stiffness and s is the stretch
or compression of the spring

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 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles

• Principle of work and energy can

be extended to include a system of n
particles isolated within an enclosed
region of space
• An arbitrary ith particle, having a
mass mi, is subjected to a resultant
force Fi and a resultant internal force
fi, which each of the other particles
exerts on the ith particle

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 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles

• Principle of work and energy for the ith particle

1 si 2 si 2 1
mi vi1   ( Fi )t ds   ( fi )t ds  mi vi22
2
2 si1 si1 2
• Since both work and force are scalars, the results
may be added together algebraically,
1 si 2 si 2 1
 2 i i1  si1 i t  si1 i t  2 i i 2
m v 2
 ( F ) ds  ( f ) ds  m v 2

• We can write this equation symbolically

T1  U12  T2
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 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles

• Equation states that the system’s initial energy

plus the work done by all the external and internal
forces acting on the particles of the system is equal
to the system’s final kinetic energy
• Internal forces on adjacent articles will occur in
equal but opposite collinear pairs, the total work
done by each of these forces will not cancel out
since paths over which corresponding particles
travel will be different

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 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles

• Two important exception:

1. if the particles are contained within the
boundary of a translating rigid body, the internal
forces will undergo the same displacement and
therefore the internal work will be zero
2. Adjacent particles exert equal but opposite
internal forces that have components which
undergo the same displacement and therefore
the work of these forces cancels

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 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles

particles connected by inextensible cables make up

a system that has internal forces which are
displaced by an equal amount.

 if the body is assumed to be non-rigid, the

particles of the body are displaced along different
paths and some of the energy due to force
interactions would be given off and lost as heat
or stored in the body if permanent deformations
occur
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 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles

Work of Friction Caused by Sliding.

• Consider a case when a body is sliding over the
surface of another body in the presence of friction
• Consider a block translating a distance
s over a rough surface

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 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles

• If the applied force P just balances the resultant

frictional force μkN then due to equilibrium a
constant velocity v is maintained
1 2 1 2
mv  Ps  k N s  mv
2 2
• Sliding motion will generate heat, a form of
energy which seems not to be accounted for in the
work energy equation
• Model the block so that the surfaces of contact
are deformable (nonrigid)
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 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles

• Rough portions at the bottom of the block act as

teeth and when the block slides these teeth deform
slightly and either break off or vibrate due to
interlocking effects and pull away from teeth at the
contracting surface

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 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles

• As a result, frictional forces that act on the block

at these points are displaced slightly, due to
localized deformations, and then they are replaced
by other frictional forces as other points of contact
are made
• At any instant, the resultant F of these frictional
forces remain essentially constant, μkN, however,
due to many localized deformations, the actual
displacement s’ of μkN is not the same
displacement s as the applied force P
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 Principle of Work and Energy for a
System of Particles

• s’ < s and the external work done by the resultant

force will be μkNs’ and not μkNs
• the remaining work μkN(s – s’) manifests itself as
the increase in internal energy which in fact,
causes the block temperature to increase

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 Example 14.2

The 17.5-kN automobile is traveling down the 10°

inclined road at a speed of 6 m/s. if the driver jams
on the brakes, causing his wheels to lock,
determine how far s his tires skid on the road. The
coefficient of the kinetic friction between the wheels
and the road is μk = 0.5

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 Example 14.2

Work (Free-Body Diagram). The normal

force NA does no work since it never undergoes
displacement along its line of action. The weight
17.5-kN, is displaced s sin 10° and does positive
work. The frictional force FA
does both external and internal
work. This work is negative
since it is in the opposite
direction to displacement.

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 Example 14.2

Applying equation of equilibrium normal to the road,

+  n
F  0; ; N A  17500 cos10
N 0
N A  17234.1N
FA  0.5 N A  8617.1N
Principle of Work and Energy.
T1  U1 2  T2
1  17500 N 
 
2  9.81m / s 
( 6 m / s ) 2
 17500 N ( s 
sin 10 

)  (8617.1N ) s  0

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 Example 14.2

Solving for s yields

s = 5.75 m

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 Example 14.3

For a short time the crane

lifts the 2.50-Mg beam with
a force of F = (28 + 3s2) kN.
Determine the speed of the
beam when it has risen s =
3 m. How much time does it
take to attain this height
starting from rest.

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 Example 14.3

Work (Free-Body Diagram). The towing force

F does positive work, which must be determined by
integration since this force is a variable. The weight
is constant and will do negative work since the
displacement is upwards.

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 Example 14.3

Principle of Work and Energy.

T1  U1 2  T2
s 1
0   (28  3s )(10 )ds  (2.50)(10 )(9.81) s  (2.50)(103 )v 2
2 3 3
0 2
28(103 ) s  (103 ) s 3  24.525(103 ) s  1.25(103 )v 2
v  (2.78s  0.8s3 )1 / 2
With s = 3 m,
v  5.47 m / s
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 Example 14.3

Kinematics. Since we were able to express

the velocity as a function of displacement using v =
ds/dt
3 1 / 2 ds
(2.78s  0.8s ) 
dt
3 ds
t
0 ( 2.78s  0.8s 3 )1 / 2

 1.79 s

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 Example 14.4

The platform P is tied down so that the 0.4-m long

cords keep a 1-m long spring compressed 0.6-m
when nothing is on the platform. If a 2-kg platform
is placed on the platform and released from rest
after the platform is pushed down 0.1-m, determine
the max height h the block rises in the air, measure
from the ground.

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 Example 14.4

Work (Free-Body Diagram). Since block is

released from rest and later reaches its maximum
height, the initial and final velocities are zero. The
weight does negative work and the spring force
does positive work.
The initial compression in the spring is s1 =
0.6 + 0.1 = 0.7 m. Due to the cords, the
spring’s final compression is s2 = 0.6 m
(after the block leave the platform). The
bottom of the block rises from a height of
(0.4 – 0.1) m = 0.3 m to a final height h.
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 Example 14.4

Principle of Work and Energy.

T1  U1 2  T2
1 2  1 2 1 2  1 2
mv1    ks2  ks1   Wy   mv2
2  2 2   2
Note that here s1 = 0.7 m > s2 = 0.6 m and so the
work of the spring will be positive
1 2 1
0  {  (200 N / m)(0.6m)  (200 N / m)(0.7 m) 2 

2 2 
 (19.62 N )h  (0.3m)}  0 h = 0.963 m
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 Example 14.5

Packages having a mass of 2-kg are delivered from

a conveyor to a smooth circular ramp with a
velocity of v0 = 1 m/s. If the radius of the ramp is
0.5 m, determine the angle θ = θmax at which each
package begins to leave the surface.

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 Example 14.5

Work (Free-Body Diagram). The weight W =

2(9.81) = 19.62 N does positive work during the
displacement. If a package is assumed to leave the
surface when θ = θmax then the weight moves thru a
vertical displacement of [0.5 – 0.5cosθmax] m

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 Example 14.5

Principle of Work and Energy.

T1  U1 2  T2
1 1
(2)(1)  19.62(0.5  0.5 cos max )  (2)(v22 )
2 2
v22  9.81(1  cos max )  1

There are two unknowns, θmax, v2

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 Example 14.5

Equations of Motion. Applying equation of motion

in the normal direction to the forces on the FBD.
 v2 
 N B  19.62 cos  2 
 0.5 
When the package leaves the ramp at θ = θmax, NB
= 0 and v = v2, equation become
v22
cos 
4.905

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 Example 14.5

Solving for the two equations, we have

cos max  0.735
 max  42.7

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 Example 14.6

The block A and B have a

mass of 10-kg and 100-kg
respectively. Determine the
distance B travels from the
point where it is released
from rest to the point its
speed become 2 m/s.

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 Example 14.6
View Free Body Diagram

Work (Free-Body Diagram). The

cable force T and reactions R1 and R2
do no work, since these forces
represent the reactions at the
supports and consequently do not
move while the blocks are being
displaced. The weights both do
positive work as they are assumed to
move downward.

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 Example 14.6

Principle of Work and Energy.

T1  U1 2  T2
1 m (v ) 2  1 m (v ) 2   W s  W s  
 A A1 B B 1 A A B B
2 2 
 1 m (v ) 2  1 m (v ) 2 
 A A 2 B B 2
2 2 
1 2 1
0  0 98.1(s A )  981(sB )   (10)(v A )2  (100)(2)2 

2 2 

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 Example 14.6

Kinematics.
s A  4 sB  l
A change in position yields the displacement
equation
s A  4sB  0
s A  4sB
Both of these displacements are positive downward,
taking time derivative yields
v A  4vB  8m / s sB  0.883m
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 Power and Efficiency

Power
• It is defined as the amount of work performed per
unit of time.
• The power generated by a machine or engine that
performs an amount of work dU within a time
interval dt is
dU
P
dt

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 Power and Efficiency

• Provided the work dU is expressed by dU = F.dr,

then it also possible to write
P = F.v

• Power is a scalar, where in the formulation v

represents the velocity of the point which is acted
upon by the force F.
• SI unit for power is watt (W). It is defined as
1 W = 1 J/s = 1 N.m/s
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 Power and Efficiency

Efficiency
• It is defined as the ratio of the output of useful
power produced by the machine to the input of
power supplied to the machine
power output

power input

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 Power and Efficiency

• If energy applied to the machine occurs during

the same time interval at which it is removed, then
the efficiency may also be expressed in terms of
the ratio of output energy to input energy
energy output

energy input

• The efficiency of a machine is always less than 1

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 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

The power supplied to a body can be computed

using the following procedure.
• Determine the external force F acting on the body
which causes motion.
• If the body is accelerating, it may be necessary to
draw its free-body diagram and apply the equation
of motion (∑F = ma) to determine F.
• Once F and v is found, power can be determined
with the formula (P = F.v = Fv cos θ)
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 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

• In some problems the power may be found by

calculating the work done by F per unit of time
Pavg  U / t
or P  dU / dt

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 Example 14.7

The motor M of the hoist

operates with an efficiency of ε =
0.85. Determine the power that
must be supplied to the motor to
lift the 375-N crate C at the
instant point P on the cable has
an acceleration of 1.2m/s2, and a
velocity of 0.6 m/s

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 Example 14.7

First we determine the tension in the cable. From

the FBD,
375
   Fy  ma y ;  2T  375  ac
9.81
Since 2 sC  sP  l, taking time derivative of this
equation, and substituting aP = +1.2 m/s2
2aC   aP
2
aC  0.6m / s  T  199.0 N

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 Example 14.7

The power output required to draw the cable in at a

rate of 0.6 m/s is
P  T  v  119 .4W
This power output requires that the motor provide
a power input of
1
power input  ( power output )

1
 (119 .4)  140.5W
0.85

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 Example 14.8

The sport car has a mass of 2-Mg and is traveling

at a speed of 25m/s, when the brakes to all the
wheels are applied. If the coefficient of kinetic
friction is μk = 0.35, determine the power developed
by the friction force when the car skids. Then find
the car’s speed after it has skid 10 m.

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 Example 14.8
View Free Body Diagram

As shown in the FBD, the normal force NC and

frictional force FC represent the resultant forces of
all four wheels. Applying the equation of equilibrium
in the y direction to determine NC,
   Fy  0; NC  19.62kN

The kinetic frictional force is

FC  0.35(19.62kN )  6.867kN

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 Example 14.8

The velocity of the car can be determined when s =

10 m by applying the principle of work and energy
T1  U1 2  T2
1 1
(2000)(25)  6.867(10 )(10)  (2000)v 2
2 3
2 2
v  23.59m / s
The power of the frictional force at this instant is
P  FC  v  172 kW
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy

Conservative Force.
• It is defined by the work done in moving a particle
from one point to another that is independent of the
path followed by the particle.
• Two examples are weight of the particle and
elastic force of the spring.

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy

Potential Energy.
• It is the measure of the amount of work a
conservative force will do when it moves from a
given position to the datum.
Gravitational Potential Energy.
• If a particle is located a distance y above an
arbitrary selected datum, the particle’s weight W
has positive gravitational potential energy Vg.

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy

• W has the capacity of

doing positive work when
the particle is moved back
down to the datum.
• The particle is located a
distance y below the datum,
Vg is negative since the
weight does negative work
when the particle is moved
back up to the datum.
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy

• If y is positive upward, gravitational potential

energy of the particle of weight W is
Vg  Wy

Elastic Potential Energy

• When an elastic spring is elongated or
compressed a distance s from its unstretched
position, the elastic potential energy Ve can be
expressed 1 2
Ve   ks
2
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy

• Ve is always positive since,

in the deformed position, the
force of the spring has the
capacity for always doing
positive work on the particle
when the spring is returned
to its unstretched position.

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Conservative Forces and Potential
Energy

Potential Function.
• If a particle is subjected to both gravitational and
elastic forces, the particle’s potential energy can be
expressed as a potential function
V  Vg  Ve

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Conservative of Energy

• When a particle is acted upon by a system of both

conservative and non-conservative forces, the
portion of the work done by the conservative forces
can be written in terms of the difference in their
potential energies using
U12 cons.  V1  V2
• As a result, the principle of work and energy can
be written as
T1  V1  (U1 2 ) noncons.  T2  V2
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Conservative of Energy

• (∑U1-2)noncons represents the work of the non-

conservative forces acting on the particles.
• If only conservative forces are applied to the
body, this term is zero and we have
T1  V1  T2  V2

• This equation referred to as the conservation of

mechanical energy or simply the conservation of
energy

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Conservative of Energy

• It states that during the motion the sum of the

particle’s kinetic and potential energies remain
constant.

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Conservative of Energy

System of Particles.
• If a system of particles is subjected only to
conservative forces, then an equation can be written

T1  V1  T2  V2

• The sum of the particle’s initial kinetic and potential
energies is equal to the sum of the particle’s final
kinetic and potential energies
T  V  const
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

• The conservation of energy is used to solve

problem involving velocity, displacement and
conservative force systems.
• It is easier to apply than the principle of work and
energy because the energy equation requires
specifying the particle’s kinetic and potential
energies at only two points along the path.

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

Potential Energy.
• Draw two diagrams showing the particle located
at its initial and final points along the path
• If the particle is subjected to a vertical
displacement, establish the fixed horizontal datum
from which to measure the particle’s gravitational
potential energy.

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

• Data pertaining to the elevation y of the particle

from the datum and the extension or compression s
of any connecting springs can be determined from
the geometry associated with the two diagrams.
• Recall Vg = Wy, where y is positive upward from
the datum and negative downward from the datum,
1 2
Ve  ks is always positive
2

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

Conservation of Energy
• Apply the equation
T1  V1  T2  V2
1 2
• When determining the kinetic energy, T  mv
2
the particle’s speed v must always be measured
from an inertial reference frame.

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Example 14.9

The gantry structure is used to test the response of

an airplane during a clash. The plane of mass 8-Mg
is hoisted back until θ = 60°, and then pull-back
cable AC is released when the plane is at rest.
Determine the speed of the plane just before
clashing into the ground, θ = 15°. Also, what is the
maximum tension developed in the supporting
cable during the motion?

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Example 14.9

Potential Energy. For convenience, the datum

has been established at the top of the gantry.

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Example 14.9

Conservation of Energy.
TA  VA  TB  VB
0  8000(9.81)(20 cos 60 ) 
1
(8000)vB2  8000(9.81)(20 cos15 )
2
vB  13.5m / s

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Example 14.9

Equation of Motion. Using data tabulated on the

free-body diagram when the plane is at B,
+  Fn  man ;
2
(13. 5)
T  8000(9.81) N cos15  (8000)
20
T  149kN

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Example 14.10

The ram R has a mass of 100-

kg and is released from rest
0.75-m from the top of a spring,
A, that has a stiffness kA = 12
kN/m. If a second spring B,
having a stiffness kB = 15 kN/m
is “nested” in A, determine the
max displacement of A needed
to stop the downward motion of
the ram.
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 14.10

Potential Energy. We will

assume that the ram compresses
both springs at the instant it comes
to rest. The datum is located
through the center of gravity of the
ram at its initial position. When the
kinetic energy is reduced to zero
(v2 = 0) A is compressed a distance
sA and B compresses sB = sA – 0.1
m
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 14.10

Conservation of Energy.
T1  V1  T2  V2
 1 2 1 2 
0  0  0   k A s A  k B ( s A  0.1)  Wh
2 2 
1 2 1
0  0  0   (12000) s A  (15000)( s A  0.1) 2 

2 2 
 
  981(0.75  s A )
 

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Example 14.10

Rearranging the terms,

13500s 2A  2481s A  660.75  0
Using the quadratic formula and solving for the
positive root,
s A  0.331m

Since sB = 0.331 – 0.1 = 0.231 m, which is positive,

the assumption that both springs are compressed
by the ram is correct.
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 14.11

A smooth 2-kg collar C, fits loosely

on the vertical shaft. If the spring is
unstretched when the collar is in
the position A, determine the
speed at which the collar is moving
when y = 1 m if (a) it is released
from rest at A, and (b) it is
released at A with an upward
velocity vA = 2 m/s.

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Example 14.11
View Free Body Diagram

Part (a)
Potential energy. For convenience, the datum
is established through AB. When the collar is at C,
the gravitational potential energy is –(mg)y, since
the collar is below the datum and the elastic
potential energy is
1 2
ksCB
2
sCB = 0.5 m which represent the stretch in the
spring
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 14.11

TA  VA  TC  VC
1 2 1 2 
0  0  mvC   ksCB  mgy 
2 2 
1 2  1
0  0   (2)vC    (3)(0.5) 2  2(9.81)(1)

2  2 
vC  4.39m / s 
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 14.11

Part (b)
Conservation of Energy. If vA = 2 m/s,
using the data from the FBD, we have
TA  VA  TC  VC
1 2 1 2 1 2 
mv A  0  mvC   ksCB  mgy 
2 2 2 
1 1 2  1
(2)(2)  0   (2)vC    (3)(0.5) 2  2(9.81)(1)
2 
2 2  2 
vC  4.82m / s 
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 CHAPTER REVIEW

Work of a Force.
• A force does work when it undergoes a
displacement along its line of action.
• If the force varies with the displacement, then
U   F ds
• Graphically, this represents the area under the F-
s disgram
• If the force is constant, then for a displacement
∆s in the direction of the force, U = F∆s
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 CHAPTER REVIEW

• A typical example of this case is the work of

weight, U = W∆y.
• ∆y is the vertical displacement.
• A spring force, F = ks, depend upon the
elongation or compression s of the spring
• The work is determined by integration to be
1 2 1 2
U  ks2  ks1
2 2
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 CHAPTER REVIEW

The Principle of Work and Energy.

• If the equation of motion in the tangential
direction, ∑Ft = mat, is combined with the
kinematics equation, at ds = v dv, we obtain the
Principle of Work and Energy
T1  U1 2  T2

• Initial kinetic energy of the particle plus the work

done by all forces that act up on the particle as it
moves equals to final kinetic energy
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 CHAPTER REVIEW

The Principle of Work and Energy.

• The principle of work and energy is useful for
solving problems that involve force, velocity, and
displacement.
• For application, the free-body diagram of the
particle should be drawn in order to identify the
forces that do work.

power output

power input
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 CHAPTER REVIEW

Power and Efficiency.

• Power is the time-rate of doing work. It is defined
by P = dU/dt, or P = F.v
• Efficiency is the ratio of power output to power
input.
Conservation of Energy.
• A conservative force is one that does work which
is independent of its path
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 CHAPTER REVIEW

• Two example are weight of a particle and the

spring force.
• Friction is a nonconservative force since the work
depends upon the length of the path.
• The work done by a conservative force depends
upon it position relative to a datum.
• When this work is referenced from a datum, it is
called potential energy
1 2
kx
• For weight, it is Vg = Wy, for spring force, 2
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 CHAPTER REVIEW

©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 CHAPTER REVIEW

• Mechanical energy consists of kinetic energy T

and gravitational and elastic potential energies V.
• By conservation of energy, this sum is constant
and has the same value at any two positions on the
path. That is
T1  V1  T2  V2
• If the motion of the particle is caused only by
gravitational and spring forces, then this equation
can be used to solve problem involving
displacement and velocity
©2007 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd