Paper Formats /

Sources
Outline

ppt 3 Academic Paper Formats

ppt 7 APA Style
ppt 8 APA style / In-text citations: the basics
ppt 9 APA style / References
ppt 11 MLA style
ppt 12 MLA style / In-text citations: the basics
ppt 13 MLA style / Works Cited
ppt 14 Chicago / Turabian style
ppt 15 Harvard style
ppt 16 Long Quotes / General rules
ppt 17 Important Notes for APA and MLA style
ppt 18 Sources / Where to Find
ppt 19 Sources /How to Search
ppt 20 Sources / How to Identify Credibility
Academic Paper Formats

The most common format of papers we use in academic writing are: MLA, APA, Chicago / Turabian, Harvard,

some papers may require ASA, RACE, AMA, Vancouver, and other formats

THE SAME for ALL formats:

● Times New Roman font, 12 (Tip: for extended guide how to change font size and more, click here =>
https://www.digitalunite.com/guides/microsoft-word/how-change-text-size-and-font)

● Double spacing or Single spacing - by the paper instructions (Tip: for extended guide how to change spacing and more, click here =>
https://www.gcflearnfree.org/word2010/line-and-paragraph-spacing/1/ )

● Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides (Tip: for extended guide how set margins, click here => http://
www.macinstruct.com/node/479 ).

● Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin (Tip: for extended guide how set margins, click here => https://
www.wikihow.com/Indent-the-First-Line-of-Every-Paragraph-in-Microsoft-Word ).

● Reference page is required to be a separate one (Tip: More on ppt 7).

● In-text citations (or footnotes) are to be presented in every style no matter what particular paper format is used (if information is taken
from outside sources - Tip: More on ppt 6).
More Tips

To Check yourself when you do references, use Citation Machine Website (

http://www.citationmachine.net/) to build up your references.
More Tips

How to Indent your reference page:

For full Guide, click this YouTube link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkOh29j4Nss
More Tips

To get an access to any scholarly source using just the DOI number, use Sci-Hub service: https://sci-hub.tw/

It is written in Russian, but it is easy to navigate there and the website will open any article that has a DOI number ( if the
article does not have a DOI number – it is not a scholar article). Just paste the full DOI number in the Search Bar
and press the button with the Key on it to open access to it.
APA style

APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used

to cite sources within the social sciences.

APA style requires a separate title page. Sample

Your essay should include the major sections: the Title Page,
Main Body, and References (can include Abstract);

Sample of APA paper format: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/18/

For the comprehensive guide on APA style, please, follow the link
APA style / In-text citations: the basics

If you summarize, paraphrase or directly quote someone’s ideas always include in-text citations in parentheses.

Summary or paraphrase of an author’s idea = (the author + publication year).

Example: It is stated that APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998).

Citing a direct quote = (the author + publication year + page number).

Example: According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their
first time" (p. 199).
It was found that "students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (Jones,
1998, p.199).

Important! If you mention the author’s name in the sentence do not put it in parentheses = provide only
(publication year) or (publication year + page number) .
Example: According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
APA style / References

General for
APA

Sample of APA
Reference page

P.S. Never forget that

publications have to be
organized alphabetically
More APA

For the comprehensive guide on APA style,

please, visit
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/1/

When on the webpage, use these active

buttons to navigate =>
MLA style

MLA (Modern Language Association) style, which is used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities;

To view the sample of MLA paper format, follow the link => https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/13/

For the comprehensive guide on MLA style, please, follow the link => https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/1/

MLA style does not require a separate title page;

Your essay should include the major sections: Main Body and Works Cited
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date:

Sample
Page 1
in MLA
MLA style: In-text citations: the basics

If you summarize, paraphrase or directly quote someone’s ideas ALWAYS include IN-TEXT CITATIONS in
parentheses.

Summary / paraphrase / directly quoting someone’s ideas = (the author + page number).
Example: Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

If the author is unknown use a shortened title of the work instead of an author’s name. Place the title in
quotation marks if it is “a short work” (such as an article) or italicize it if it is a longer work (e.g. plays, books,
television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number.
Example: We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has "more readily
accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . ."
("Impact of Global Warming" 6).

For a source with three or fewer authors, list the authors' last names in the text or in the parenthetical
citation
Example: The authors state "Tighter gun control in the United States erodes Second Amendment rights" (Smith,
Yang, and Moore 76).
For a source with more than three authors, provide the first author's last name followed by et al. or list all the
last names. Example: Legal experts counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting that the current spike in
MLA style / Works Cited

General for MLA style

Sample of MLA Works Cited

page
Chicago / Turabian style

Chicago and Turabian, which are two separate styles but very similar ones, are widely used for history and
economics.
The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities and provides writers with a system
for referencing their sources through footnote or endnote citation in their writing and through bibliography pages.

In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate number followed by a period and
then a space.

In Chicago/Turabian we do not use direct in-text citations, - footnotes are required in this type of format.

For the comprehensive guide and sample on Chicago / Turabian style, follow the
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/1/

To view the Sample of Chicago paper format, follow the

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/11/

Tip: All text editors (MS Word, LibreOffice) have in-built function of making foot/endnotes. Do not
try to format them on your own! Go to ‘insert’ → ‘endnote/footnote’
Harvard style

Harvard Style. While APA is primarily used in the USA, Harvard referencing is the most well used referencing style in
the UK and Australia, and is encouraged for use with the humanities.

Like APA, Harvard presupposes using author name / year of publication when citing books, articles and other
documents.
For the comprehensive guide on Harvard, please, follow the http://
www.citethisforme.com/harvard-referencing
 Long Quotes / General rules

Long direct quotes = those that are longer than 40 words (or more than 3 lines) must be cited differently!
General guidelines:
put the quote in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch
from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the
first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The
parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
Example:
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing sources. This
difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed
to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

For the comprehensive guide on how to incorporate long direct quotes:

(1) in APA style, follow the https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/
(2) in MLA style, follow the https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/03/
Important Notes for APA and MLA style

Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series,
documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.
Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections,
television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds"; "The One Where
Chandler Can't Cry."

Always remove hyperlinks from the text

Hanging indent is required

in (References / Works Cited) =>
Sources / Where to Find

WHERE TO FIND
● Start with a simple search.
● Avoid Wikipedia, different forums, blogs and social networks.
● Try to search for print and digital encyclopedias, such as Encyclopedia Britannica and InfoPlease.com are
excellent sources from which you can gather material.
● Use online scholarly databases such as Jstor, and Google Scholar which provide access to the latest researches in
hundreds of areas (list of other scholarly databases)
● Newspapers and magazines are also rich sources of information about what is happening now. Consider
browsing through the New York Times, TIME and the Wall Street Journal (US), the Guardian (UK).
● Do not forget appropriate books on the topic, - there are lots of them on googlebooks.com, and some of them are
in free access there. While citing such kind of a source, you can choose a category of printed book, as
googlebooks provides its readers with information about publishing agency, number of pages, etc.
● Pay attention to the date when the work was published. The most credible and up-to-date ones are those printed
within the last five years.
● Do not use web-sites with content on Foreign Language (not English).
● In case the needed book is in free access on google books, you can search some particular information within its
content using the search bar on the left.
Sources / How to Search

Now we will try to search for the needed source:

For example, if the topic is “Positive and negative impact of global warming on our planet and its people”.

First of all, the problem stated has to be explained, - you should not begin your paper directly with positive and
negative impact, etc (main problem).
So, we are just searching global warming. In the list of results we find web-sites with endings gov. edu., etc.
Moreover, in order to have good definition and appropriate explanation, an encyclopedia may be added to your search.
Global warming google books can be typed for finding good books about the topic.
Global warming typed in Google Scholar Search Engine Bar will present only scholarly articles on the topic.
Global warming statistics can be used for searching some facts about the problem.
Reliable journals and their web-sites can be used to reveal the problem with a help of different world's approaches.
Global warming graphs – Search – Pictures present you already-made graphs and visual statistics on the topic
of global warming, - you can use them as well by citing all the necessary information under the picture captured.
 Sources / How to Identify Credibility

Reliable Sources

A reliable source is one you can trust. Two indicators of reliability are the expertise of the author and the vetting standards of the place of
publication. For example, an article written by a researcher and published in a peer-reviewed journal is likely to contain reliable information
and thus would make a good source. On the other hand, a random website written by an unknown person, for example, is less likely to be
reliable, and thus we would not recommend you cite this source unless you have a good reason or you verify the information yourself using
other reliable sources. However, there are many scientific, medical, and governmental organizations - such as
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health, U.S. Census Bureau, and even the APA - publish reliable
information on their websites and social media sites. Scientists and research organizations might publish blogs or YouTube videos that are
worth citing. Evaluate each source on its own merits for reliability when determining whether to cite it in a paper.

Primary and Secondary Sources

A primary source presents information gathered firsthand, such as the results of an experiment or data from a survey. Secondary sources present
information secondhand - an example would be a textbook summary of a topic or a website article.

Up-to-Date Sources

It is recommended to you use the most up-to-date research you can find on your topic. However, the meaning of up-to-date will vary
depending on the field. Some fields develop faster than others, and even within a field, some information will remain relevant for a long time,
whereas other information will become outdated.