METEOROLOGICAL

DOCUMENTATION
INSTRUCTOR ESTHER
METEOROLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION

1.Introduction
2. METAR
 What is METAR?
 Structure of METAR
 Decoding METARs
 TREND forecast

3. SPECI
4. TAF
5. ROFOR and Significant Wx Charts
6. Meteorological briefing
How/where do we get the
Wx information?
How/where do we get the
Wx information? Cont’d …
• In very busy airports/developed countries
Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB)
The Pilot’s Automatic Telephone Weather
Answering Service (PATWAS)
Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS)
• But a standard briefing should normally be
requested
Annex 3, sections 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7

• Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres

(VAAC)
• State Volcano observatories
• Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centres
(TCAC)

• Read about these

Phonetic Alphabet
• Most meteorological information
is transmitted/received in coded
form (METAR, TAF, SPECI, SYNOP
etc).
• The information is shared globally
• To remove language barriers and
confusion, the phonetic alphabet
was adopted.
Phonetic Alphabet cont’d …
Letter Name/Pronounciation
A Alpha
B Bravo
C Charlie
D Delta
E Echo
F Foxtrot
G Golf
H Hotel
I India
J Juliet
K Kilo
L Lima
M Mike
N November
Phonetic Alphabet cont’d …
Letter Name/Pronounciation
O Oscar
P Papa
Q Quebec
R Romeo
S Sierra
T Tangle
U Uniform
V Victor
W Whisky
X X-ray
Y Yankee
Z Zulu
Content cont’d …
1. Introduction
2.METAR
 What is METAR?
 Structure of METAR
 Decoding METARs
 TREND forecast
3. SPECI
4. TAF
5. ROFOR and Significant Wx Charts
6. Meteorological briefing
METAR
• METAR stand for METeorological Aerodrome Report
• Actual weather conditions at a given aerodrome, at a
stated time
• E.G.
• METAR EGHD 031420Z 00000KT 9999 SCT025 13/08
Q1032=
• METAR EGTE 031420Z 02005KT 040V050 9999 FEW024
BKN045 15/07 Q1031=
• Issued every half hour during aerodrome operating
hours.
NOTE:
Pilots should consult METARs for;
• Departure aerodromes
• Destination aerodromes
• Other aerodromes along the planned route,
• Aerodromes upwind of a destination aerodrome,
in order to get a picture of the weather which is
approaching the destination.
 Parts of a METAR!
• 4.5.1 Local routine reports, • f) visibility;
local special reports, METAR and • g) runway visual range, when
SPECI shall contain the following applicable;
elements in the order indicated:
• h) present weather;
• a) identification of the type of
report; • cloud amount, cloud type
(only for cumulonimbus and
• b) location indicator; towering cumulus clouds) and
• c) time of the observation; height of cloud base or, where
• d) identification of an measured, vertical visibility;
automated or missing report, • j) air temperature and dew-
when applicable; point temperature; and
• e) surface wind direction and • k) QNH and, when applicable,
speed; QFE (QFE included only in local
routine and special reports).
What is METAR?
• What kind of report is this?
METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT 210V290 3/8SM
R32L/1000FT FG BKN005 01/M01 A2984 RMK A02 SLP034

• METAR codes report observed weather conditions around/or

within the airfield
• METAR (Aviation Routine Weather Report) refers to a
scheduled observation taken between 55-59 minutes past the
hour (also referred to as a routine hourly observation).
Location, Date and Time
of issuance
METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT
210V290 3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005
01/M01 A2984 RMK A02 SLP034
• The 4-character ICAO identifier for the
location/station identifier; KBLV (Scott AFB)
• Date and time group; 01 is the first day of the
month, and 1657Z is 1657 UTC.

Qn: How is Zulu time related to local time?

AUTO, if included
METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT
210V290 3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005
01/M01 A2984 RMK A02A SLP034

• AUTO refers to an automated observation

(AWOS, ASOS etc)
• A02A denotes an automated observation
augmented by a human observer.
COR, if included
METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO COR
25015G30KT 210V290 3/8SM
R32L/1000FT FG FU BKN005 01/M01
A2984 RMK A02A SLP034 COR 1725
• COR indicates a corrected observation.
Disregard the previous transmission.
• COR 1725 means that the correction was
transmitted at 1725Z.
Wind speed and Direction
METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT
210V290 3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005
01/M01 A2984 RMK A02 SLP034
• The data group followed by KT (knots) is the
wind. Knots to meters????
• First three numbers (250); direction to nearest
tens degrees from which the wind is coming.
• Next two numbers (15); sustained wind speed
in knots.
• G30KT; gusting winds (maximum 30 knots).
Variable Wind Direction
• METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT
210V290 3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005
01/M01 A2984 RMK A02 SLP034
• Variable by 60 degrees or more and the speed
>6 knots.
• “V” for Variable
• 210V290; “wind direction varying between
210 and 290.”
Prevailing Visibility
METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT
210V290 3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005
01/M01 A2984 RMK A02 SLP034
• 3/8SM (3/8 of a statute mile) is the
prevailing visibility. Note: Many countries
report in meters
• Prevailing visibility is the greatest horizontal
visibility observed throughout at least half
the horizon circle.
• What is a statue mile? See annex…
Table for conversion of SM
to M
Runway Visual Range (RVR)
METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT
210V290 3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005
01/M01 A2984 RMK A02 SLP034

• R32L/1000FT reads, “runway visual range for

runway 32 Left is 1,000 ft.”
• RVR is reported if visibility is less than 1500m
(4920ft)
Weather

METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT

210V290 3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005
01/M01 A2984 RMK A02 SLP034
• “FG” represents “Fog.”
• Look for six key elements (depending on the
phenomena, one or more may be
omitted);Intensity, Proximity, Descriptor,
Precipitation Description, Obscuration and
Other.
Weather cont’d …
Weather cont’d …
Clouds
• How do I determine the layers of clouds?
METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT
210V290 3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005
01/M01 A2984 RMK A02 SLP034
• Each observed cloud layer is encoded in a
cloud group with sky coverage, altitude of the
cloud base above ground level, and sometimes
cloud type.
• First three letters (BKN) show sky coverage;
BroKeN
• 005; Cloud base in hundreds of feet; 500ft
Clouds cont’d …
Clouds cont’d …
Temperature and Dew point
temperature
METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT
210V290 3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005
01/M01 A2984 RMK A02 SLP034
• In this example, 01 is the temperature in
degrees Celsius (1ºC), and M01 is the
dewpoint in degrees Celsius (-1ºC).
• An “M” in the temperature field means
“minus”.
Pressure/Altimeter setting
METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT
210V290 3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005
01/M01 A2984 RMK A02 SLP034
• A2984 represents a current altimeter setting
of 29.84 inches Hg.
• This is derived from station pressure.
• Other forms of pressure
representation/altimeter readings are; QNH
and QFE.
Pressure/Altimeter setting
cont’d …
METAR EDDF 071320Z 22008KT 9999 SCT036
SCT090 BKN280 19/10 Q1011 NOSIG
• In this example, Q1011 represents a current
altimeter setting of 1011 hPa or 1011 mb.
Remark
• What is RMK?
METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT
210V290 3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005
01/M01 A2984 RMK A02 SLP034
• RMK indicates the start of the Remarks section
• SLP034, is the sea level pressure in to the
nearest tenth.
• Place a“10” or “9” before the first digit (use a 9
if the 3-digit value is 500 or more), and place a
decimal point before the last digit; 1003.4mb
Remark cont’d …
Remark/or Supplemental information can also
include:
• recent weather elements, coded with a leading
RE,
• sea surface temperature in ºC and sea state 0-
9, coded W##/S#,
• runway state, coded as an 8-digit numerical
group determined by regional air navigation
agreement, and/or
• Wind shear information (WS ALL RWY)
• a 2-hour forecast trend .
 Trend forecast
• A forecast valid for 2hrs after time of
observation of a METAR
• Final section of the METAR
• Changes in Wx conditions indicated by the
TREND can be qualified by BECMG or
TEMPO
• BECMG for becoming
• TEMPO for temporarily
• Time periods given may be preceded by
FM for from, TL for until or AT for at
Trend forecast cont’d …
METAR HUEN 011000Z 15008KT 5000 –RA
SCT019 FEW021CB BKN150 20/18 Q1018
TEMPO FM 1020 TL 1220 1000 +SHRA
• The TREND translates as temporarily,
from 1020 to 1220Z, the visibility will
reduce to 1000 meters, in heavy showers
of rain
• If there is no expected change in Wx, the
code NOSIG (no significant change)
replaces the TREND fcst.
Trend forecast cont’d …
METAR HUEN 1000Z 15008KT 5000 –RA
SCT019 FEW021CB BKN150 20/18 Q1018
NOSIG

• An equals sign (=) signifies end of

message
METAR HUEN 1000Z 15008KT 5000 –RA
SCT019 FEW021CB BKN150 20/18 Q1018
NOSIG =
When to use PROB, BECMG,
FM and TEMPO
• Probability Forecast: ie. (PROB40 0006)
• The probability or chance of thunderstorms or other
precipitation events occuring, along with associated
weather conditions (wind, visibility, and sky conditions).
• The PROB40 group is used when the occurrence of
thunderstorms or precipitation is in the 30% to less than
50% range, thus the probability value 40 is appended to the
PROB contraction.
• This is followed by a four-digit group giving the beginning
hour and ending hour of the time period during which the
thunderstorms or precipitation is expected.
• PROB40 2102 1/2SM +TSRA - Chance between 2100Z and
When to use PROB, BECMG,
FM and TEMPO
• FROM Group: ie. (FM1600)
• The FM group is used when a rapid change, usually occuring
in less than one hour, in prevailing conditions is expected.
• A FM group will mark the beginning of a new line in a TAF
report.
• Each FM group contains all the required elements -- wind,
visibility, weather, and sky condition.
• Weather will be omitted in FM groups when it is not
significant to aviation.

• FM1430 OVC020 - After 1430Z ceiling two thousand

overcast
When to use PROB, BECMG,
FM and TEMPO
• BECOMING Group: ie. (BECMG 2224)
• The BECMG group is used when a gradual change in
conditions is expected over a longer time period, usually
two hours.
• The time period when the change is expected is a four-digit
group with the beginning hour and ending hour of the
change period which follows the BECMG indicator.
• The gradual change will occur at an unspecified time within
this time period. Only the conditions are carried over from
the previous time group.
• OVC012 BECMG 1416 BKN020 - Ceiling one thousand two
hundred overcast. Then a gradual change to ceiling two
When to use PROB, BECMG,
FM and TEMPO
• TEMPORARY Group: ie. (TEMPO 1316)
• The TEMPO group is used for any conditions in wind,
visibility, weather, or sky condition which are expected to
last for generally less than an hour at a time (occasional),
and are expected to occur during less than half the time
period.
• The TEMPO indicator is followed by a four-digit group giving
the beginning hour and ending hour of the time period
during which the temporary conditions are expected.
• Only the changing forecast meteorological conditions are
included in TEMPO groups.
• The omitted conditions are carried over from the previous
time group.
Content cont’d …
1. Introduction
2. METAR
3.SPECI
 What is a SPECI?
 Structure of a SPECI
 Decoding SPECIs
4. TAF
5. ROFOR and Significant Wx Charts
6. Meteorological briefing
What is a SPECI
SPECI KBLV 011715Z 25015G30KT 210V290
3SM BR BKN015 01/M01 A2984 RMK SLP034
• SPECI (Special Report) refers to an
unscheduled observation that met a
predefined criteria and may be taken at 00-
54 minutes past the hour.
• Has same format as METAR
• Issued when Wx conditions significantly
change (either an improvement or
deterioration) in periods between routine
Structure of a SPECI
SPECI HUEN 011715Z 25015G30KT 210V290
5000 TSRA BKN015 FEW018CB 23/20 Q1015

• Same as for METAR

Decoding a SPECI
SPECI HUEN 011715Z 25015G30KT
210V290 5000 TSRA BKN015 FEW018CB 23/20
Q1015
• Same principal as a METAR
• The message is translated as;
Content cont’d
1. Introduction
2. METAR
3. SPECI
4.TAF
 What is a TAF? Significance
 Structure of a TAF
 Decoding TAFs
5. ROFOR and Significant Wx Charts
6. Meteorological briefing
Forecasts
• 6.1 Use of forecasts
• The issue of a new forecast by an aerodrome
meteorological office, such as a routine aerodrome
forecast, shall be understood to cancel automatically any
forecast of the same type previously issued for the same
place and for the same period of validity or part thereof.
• 6.2 Aerodrome forecasts
• 6.2.1 An aerodrome forecast shall be prepared, in
accordance with regional air navigation agreement, by the
aerodrome meteorological office designated by the
meteorological authority concerned.
What is a TAF?
• 6.2.3 Aerodrome forecasts • f) identification of a cancelled
and amendments thereto shall forecast, when applicable;
be issued as TAF and include • g) surface wind;
the following information in
• h) visibility;
• the order indicated:
• i) weather;
• a) identification of the type of
• cloud; and
forecast;
• b) location indicator; • k) expected significant
changes to one or more of
• c) time of issue of forecast; these elements during the
• d) identification of a missing period of validity.
forecast, when applicable; • Optional elements shall be
• e) date and period of validity included in TAF in
of forecast; accordance with regional air
navigation agreement.
What is a TAF?
TAF HUEN 301500Z 3018/3124 20006KT 9999 FEW021 FEW023CB SCT130
BECMG 3021/3024 01005KT 9000 -TS SCT019 FEW021CB BKN120
TEMPO 3101/3106 VRB15KT 7000 TSRA BKN017 FEW019CB OVC090
BECMG 3107/3112 16012KT 9999 -TS OR -RA SCT022 FEW024CB BKN140
FM311600 23005KT FEW021 FEW023CB SCT200
BECMG 3121/3124 33005KT 9000 FEW019 FEW021CB SCT120

• TAF (Terminal Aerodrome Forecast) is a weather

forecast at an aerodrome.
QN: what difference is between TAF and
METAR/SPECI?
• Valid normally for 30hrs. But some may be valid
for 9hrs, 24hrs, depending on region/country.
What is a TAF? Cont’d ….
•Many coding formats of TAF
and METAR are similar.
•A TAF gives the expected Wx
conditions for a given airport.
•Four TAFs are made daily (at
0900Z, 1500Z, 2100Z and
0300Z)
What is a TAF? Cont’d …
TAF KBLV AMD 051812 21015G30KT 0800 TSRA
BKN008CB OVC020
BECMG 1819 29008KT 1600 -RA OVC030
620304 QNH2958INS ………………..
AMD 1820
• AMD stands for amended TAF
• AMD 1820 shows the time the TAF was
amended (1820Z).
• Earlier TAF has to be superseded by amended
TAF.
What is a TAF? Cont’d …
TAF KBLV AMD COR 051812 21015G30KT 0800 TSRA
BKN005CB OVC020
BECMG 1819 29008KT 1600 -RA OVC030 620304
QNH2958INS
…………….
COR 1925
• COR (Corrected Aerodrome Forecast) is a TAF
that has been corrected.
• When a corrected TAF is issued, disregard
previous TAFs.
• COR 1925 indicates that the amended
forecast was corrected at 1925Z.
 Structure of a TAF
TAF HUEN 301500Z 3018/3124 20006KT 9999 FEW021
FEW023CB SCT130
BECMG 3021/3024 01005KT 9000 -TS SCT019 FEW021CB
BKN120
TEMPO 3101/3106 VRB15KT 7000 TSRA BKN017 FEW019CB
OVC090
BECMG 3107/3112 16012KT 9999 -TS OR -RA SCT022
FEW024CB BKN140
FM311600 23005KT FEW021 FEW023CB SCT200
BECMG 3121/3124 33005KT 9000 FEW019 FEW021CB
SCT120 =
 Structure of a TAF cont’d
…
•However, different regions/or
countries modify their TAFs
differently
•Modification mainly handles
what is to be included in the TAF
•For example; pressure, wind
shear etc
Decoding TAFs; Location
TAF HUEN 301500Z 3018/3124 20006KT 9999 FEW021
FEW023CB SCT130
BECMG 3021/3024 01005KT 9000 -TS SCT019 FEW021CB
BKN120
TEMPO 3101/3106 VRB15KT 7000 TSRA BKN017 FEW019CB
…..

• The 4-character ICAO identifier that

follows the report type.
• HUEN (Entebbe International Airport) is
the location/station.
Decoding TAFs;
Date/Time/Validity
TAF HUEN 301500Z 3018/3124 20006KT 9999 FEW021
FEW023CB SCT130
BECMG 3021/3024 01005KT 9000 -TS SCT019 FEW021CB
BKN120
TEMPO 3101/3106 VRB15KT 7000 TSRA BKN017 FEW019CB
…..

• 301500Z; Date of making the TAF is 30th of the

month and time was 1500Z
• 3018/3124; TAF valid from 30th at 1800Z to 31st
at 2400Z
Decoding TAFs; time and type
of changes that will occur
TAF HUEN 301500Z 3018/3124 20006KT 9999 FEW021
FEW023CB SCT130
BECMG 3021/3024 01005KT 9000 -TS SCT019 FEW021CB
BKN120
TEMPO 3101/3106 VRB15KT 7000 TSRA BKN017 FEW019CB
OVC090
BECMG 3107/3112 16012KT 9999 -TS OR -RA SCT022
FEW024CB BKN140
FM311600 23005KT FEW021 FEW023CB SCT200
BECMG 3121/3124 33005KT 9000 FEW019 FEW021CB SCT120 =

TEMPO represents a temporary condition

Decoding TAFs; time and
type of changes that will
occur cont’d …
• TEMPO 3101/3106; Temporary change from
31st at 0100Z to 31st at 0600Z

• BECMG; Becoming
• BECMG 3021/3024; Becoming from 30th at
2100Z to 30th at 2400Z

• FM; from
Decoding TAFs; time and
type of changes that will
occur cont’d …
• FM311600; From 31st at 1600Z

• PROB40 3100/3106 2SM TSRA 0VCOO8CB

reads, “40% chance between 0000Z and 0600Z
of visibility 2 statute miles in moderate
thunderstorms, 800 overcast cumulonimbus
clouds.”
Decoding TAFs; Wind direction and speed

TAF HUEN 301500Z 3018/3124 20006KT 9999 FEW021

FEW023CB SCT130
BECMG 3021/3024 01005KT 9000 -TS SCT019 FEW021CB
BKN120
TEMPO 3101/3106 VRB15KT 7000 TSRA BKN017 FEW019CB
OVC090
BECMG 3107/3112 16012KT 9999 -TS OR -RA SCT022
FEW024CB BKN140
FM311600 23005KT FEW021 FEW023CB SCT200
BECMG 3121/3124 33005KT 9000 FEW019 FEW021CB SCT120 =

• First three digits are wind direction true north

Decoding TAFs; Wind
direction and speed cont’d
…
• VRB15KT; Variable wind direction at 15kt

• 31012G22KT; Gusting wind with maximum

gust of 22Kt within a 10 minutes window.
Decoding TAFs; Visibility
TAF HUEN 301500Z 3018/3124 20006KT 9999 FEW021
FEW023CB SCT130
BECMG 3021/3024 01005KT 9000 -TS SCT019 FEW021CB
BKN120
TEMPO 3101/3106 VRB15KT 7000 TSRA BKN017 FEW019CB
OVC090
BECMG 3107/3112 16012KT 9999 -TS OR -RA SCT022
FEW024CB BKN140 ………….

• Forecast visibility in meters (9999; visibility

greater than 10Km, 7000; visibility of 7000m or
7Km, etc)
Decoding TAFs; Visibility
cont’d …
TAF HUEN 301500Z 3018/3124 20006KT 9999 FEW021
FEW023CB SCT130
BECMG 3021/3024 01005KT CAVOK
TEMPO 3101/3106 VRB15KT 7000 TSRA BKN017 FEW019CB
OVC090
BECMG 3107/3112 16012KT 9999 -TS OR -RA SCT022
FEW024CB BKN140 ………….

• CAVOK (ceiling and visibility OK) is used when

there is no significant weather, the visibility is
10 km or greater, and the ceilings are greater
than 5,000 ft.
Decoding TAFs; Visibility
cont’d …
•NSW; No Significant Weather
•SKC; SKy Clear
TAF HUEN 301500Z 3018/3124 20006KT
5000 NSW
BECMG 3021/3024 01005KT CAVOK
TEMPO 3101/3106 VRB15KT 7000 TSRA
BKN017 FEW019CB OVC090
BECMG 3107/3112 16012KT 7000 SKC
………….
Decoding TAFs; Weather
TAF HUEN 301500Z 3018/3124 20006KT 9999 FEW021
FEW023CB SCT130
BECMG 3021/3024 01005KT 9000 -TS SCT019 FEW021CB
BKN120
TEMPO 3101/3106 VRB15KT 7000 TSRA BKN017 FEW019CB
OVC090
BECMG 3107/3112 16012KT 9999 -TS OR -RA SCT022
FEW024CB BKN140 ………….
• The modifiers, descriptor and weather are
decoded like in METAR
• Forexample; TSRA is Thundering rainfall, -RA is
little rainfall
Decoding TAFs; Clouds
TAF HUEN 301500Z 3018/3124 20006KT 9999 FEW021 FEW023CB
SCT130
BECMG 3021/3024 01005KT 9000 -TS SCT019 FEW021CB BKN120
TEMPO 3101/3106 VRB15KT 7000 TSRA BKN017 FEW019CB
OVC090
BECMG 3107/3112 16012KT 9999 -TS OR -RA SCT022 FEW024CB
BKN140 ………….
• Clouds are also decoded the same way as in
METAR
• For example; FEW021 FEW023CB SCT130 is
decoded as, Few clouds (1-2 oktas) at 2,100ft,
Few clouds (1-2oktas) at 2,300ft of Cb clouds and
scattered (3-4 oktas) at 13,000ft
Decoding TAFs; Other
parameters
•Depending on the region/or
country, the following may be
included;
Wind shear information
Turbulence information
Icing information
Temperature information
Decoding TAFs; End of
message
TAF HUEN 301500Z 3018/3124 20006KT 9999 FEW021 FEW023CB
SCT130
BECMG 3021/3024 01005KT 9000 -TS SCT019 FEW021CB BKN120
TEMPO 3101/3106 VRB15KT 7000 TSRA BKN017 FEW019CB OVC090
BECMG 3107/3112 16012KT 9999 -TS OR -RA SCT022 FEW024CB
BKN140
FM311600 23005KT FEW021 FEW023CB SCT200
BECMG 3121/3124 33005KT 9000 FEW019 FEW021CB SCT120 =

• An equals sign (=) signifies end of message

 Content cont’d …
1. Introduction
2. METAR
3. SPECI
4. TAF
5.ROFOR and Significant
Wx Charts
 What is a ROFOR?
 Prognostic charts
 Upper level winds and temperatures
6. Meteorological briefing
What is ROFOR?
• ROFOR stands for route forecast
• This is a forecast of wind, temperature, and
significant weather for a specific route and flight
levels.
• ROFOR may be prepared for low-level flights
(FA- Area Forecasts); made by relevant met’cal
office or for Long – High altitude flights made by
WAFCs
• The ROFORs may contain; Prognostic charts,
Upper winds and temperature, TAFs and METARs
Prognostic charts
• High-level significant weather prog
chart
Covers the airspace from 25,000ft
to 60,000ft pressure altitude
Charts from World Area Forecast
Centers (WAFC)
Two WAFC; London & Washington
A wide range of information can be
interpreted from this chart.
Prognostic charts
Prognostic charts cont’d …
 Upper level Winds and
Temperatures
•Issued by WAFC
•Issued for different flight levels
(FL300, FL390 etc)
•Give information of the winds
(direction and speed) and
temperature
•Temperature unsigned, unless
positive
Upper level Winds and
Temperatures cont’d …
Upper level Winds and
Temperatures cont’d …
Content cont’d …..
1. Introduction
2. METAR
3. SPECI
4. TAF
5. ROFOR and Significant Wx Charts
6.Meteorological briefing
 What is Meteorological briefing?
 Flight documentation
 What is a Meteorological
briefing?
• A briefing or consultation is provided on
request to flight crew.
• A briefing consists of an oral commentary,
either directly by a person at the departure
aerodrome or by telephone or other suitable
telecommunication means from the
meteorological office about the existing and
expected weather.
• Done through self-briefing computer
terminals in some countries.
 What is a Meteorological
briefing?
•A consultation consists of a
personal discussion, including
questions and answers along
the route to be flown, at the
aerodrome of intended
landing and at any necessary
alternate aerodromes.
 Flight documentation
•Flight documentation is
written or printed
information that is provided
to flight crew members
before take-off and which
they take with them on the
flight.
Flight documentation
cont’d …
THANK YOU