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Special Blasting Technique

special blasting technique

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DUL AZIZ HABIBI
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57 views36 pages

Special Blasting Technique

special blasting technique

Uploaded by

DUL AZIZ HABIBI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Special Blasting Technique

Trim and Pre Split Blasting

DRILL AND BLAST SECTION


MINING SERVICES DEPARTMENT PT
KALTIM PRIMA COAL
Reasons for Pit Wall Damage
No Free Face Prevents
Burden Movement
Block Heaving
Load
Release

Gas Driven
Crack
Shear Extension
Subdrill
Failure Damages
Compressive Crests
and Tensile
Failure
Areas Concern in Wall Control
Blasting
• Selection of best wall control blast method
• Design blast based on geology and past
history to minimize wall damage
• Development of blast pad area prior to
drilling to provide suitable blast area
• Optimal implementation of chosen design
to minimize variation from design
• Fragmentation and muck pile looseness
Wall Control Blasting Options

KPC has two main tools for controlling the


strength and stability of interim and
final pit walls:
• Trim Blasts
• Pre split Blasts
Trim Blasts
The aim is to
• Break rock mass to the pre-split or final wall
line
• Not to break through the line!
• Clearly, a good pre-split with a poor trim
blast will not work
• A poor pre-split with a good trim blast also
will not work!
• If pre-splitting is not appropriate, trim
blasting may still provide a good final wall
Trim Blasts
There are some ‘Rules of Thumb’ to try in
a new situation -
• Stand-off from pre-split should be about
half the hole burden (i.e. 4m, KPC uses 3m)
• Last row spacing should be half the main
spacing (OK)
• Burden between last (buffer) row and 2nd
last row should be 3/4 the main burden
(5.2m, KPC uses 6m or 6.6m)
Trim Blasts
Optimum burden relief for a detonating
hole requires -
• Sufficient number of neighbouring holes
to detonate
• Free face be close enough to the next
hole to fire
• Enough time before this hole fires to
create a free face it can use

These requirements can be investigated


using JKSimBlast
Trim Blasts
Adequate burden relief is important
in any production blast and
absolutely critical in trim blasts.
• If any part of the blast is over-
confined, material will not move
properly
• This will over-confine the blastholes
behind - it gets worse!
• In a small blast like a trim blast, this
will not correct itself - damage will
penetrate behind the pre-split or
final wall line.
Trim Blasts
Issues to think about in dynamic burden
relief
1. Drill Pad Preparation
 Free faces – this means
• shovel digs back to hard material
• pad preparation dozing does not push loose material
over the free face
 Accurate hole locations
2. Correct design implementation
 Accurate crest burdens
 Blastholes located to follow crest line
 Drilling accuracy
3. Correct tie-up
Pit AB Phase 2 Trim & Presplit Design, 20m
Benches
Revised design using vertical presplit
17m 6.6m

6 8 Trim Holes
m m
20
Production
m
70o Holes
3 6 8

20 Standoff 1m m m m

m
40m 10m Presplit
Holes
20
m
Pit AB Phase 2 Trim & Presplit Design, 20m
Benches
Revised design using vertical presplit
17m 6.6m

6 8
m m
20
m
70o
3 6 8
m m m
20 Standoff 1m
m 3 6 8
40m m m m

10m
This will
20 damage crest
m and cause
early failures
Pit AB Phase 2 Trim & Presplit Design, 20m
Benches
Revised design using vertical presplit

17m 6.6m

6 8
m m
15
m
70o
3 6 8
15 Standoff 1m m m m

m 40m
3
m
6
m
8
m
10m
15
m
Pit AB Phase 2 Trim & Presplit Design, 20m
Benches

3m 6m 8m
Upper Bench

Production rows:
1. Max 4 rows
2. Burden = 7 m
3. Spacing = 8 m
4. Depth = 11.5m
5. Spacing direction must be parallel to presplit
row
6. Blast area must have a free face – without
broken material in front – parallel to presplit
row
Pit AB Phase 2 Trim & Presplit Design, 20m
Benches

3m 6m 8m
Upper Bench

3.5m Stemming

Trim row:
2.0m Air Deck
1. Burden = 3.0m
2. Spacing = 4.6m
4.0m Charge
3. Depth = 11.5m
4. Charge is as 2.0m Air Deck

shown in
diagram
Blast Plan Showing Tie-in for Upper Bench

Presplit Row Trim Row

Production Rows
Pit AB Phase 2 Trim & Presplit Design, 20m
Benches

3m 6m 8m
Lower Bench

3.5m Stemming

First Trim row: 1.75m Air Deck

1. Burden = 6.0m
2. Spacing = 4.6m
2.75m Charge
3. Depth = 9.0m
4. Charge is as
shown in 1.0m Air Deck

diagram
Pit AB Phase 2 Trim & Presplit Design, 20m
Benches

3m 6m 8m
Lower Bench

3.5m Stemming

Second Trim 1.75m Air Deck

row:
1. Burden = 3.0m 2.75m Charge

2. Spacing = 4.6m
3. Depth = 9.0m 1.0m Air Deck

4. Charge is as
shown in
diagram
Blast Plan Showing Tie-in for Lower Bench

Presplit Row
Trim Rows

Production Rows
Presplit Blast

• A line of closely spaced blast holes drilled at the limits


line.
• Often smaller diameter than production blastholes.
• Much lower charge density – laterally or vertically
decoupled.
• Fired before the main blast; usually with no delay
between holes.
Why Pre-split?

• Increases wall stability.


• Defines wall position, ensures consistent front row
burdens in strip mining.
• Channels blast gases away from rock mass, reducing
back-break and damage.
• Others (eg. limits dilution, aids equipment).
Proposed Mechanism – Tensile Failure from
Compressive Shock

Compressive Shock Compressive Shock

Blasthole Blasthole

Resultant
Tensile Stress Zone
Tensile Stress
Line
Presplit Does Not Perform in Non-competent
or Fractured Rock

Borehole
Adverse Jointing makes Presplit
Impossible
How do we start?

The engineering variables (really


variable)
• Hole diameter.
• Hole spacing.
• Total energy (explosive mass / product).
• Energy distribution (charge positions,
decoupling).
What Else?
Rock mass variables (not so variable!)
• Compressive strength.
• Tensile strength.
• Discontinuities (a.k.a. Joints).
• Must not under-estimate joints!
A successful pre-split blast hole
will…
• Generate sufficient pressure to cause
tensile failure (the ‘split’)
• NOT generate too much pressure so that
collateral crushing is avoided (ideally
pressure is less than the compressive
strength)
• Be close enough to its neighbour to
form a continuous split
KPC Presplit Calculations

Explosive DynoSplit
VOD (m/s) 4300
Density (g/cc) 1.1
Cartridge dia (mm) 32

Borehole dia (mm) 200


Borehole length (m) 20
Detonation pressure (GPa) 5.1
Explosion pressure (GPa) 2.5
Borehole pressure (MPa) 72
Presplit Charge One String DynoSplit 32mm diameter

Parameter Value
Hole Spacing (m) 3
Bench Height (m) 20
Explosive Specific Charge (kg/m) 0.88
Uncharged Hole Length (m) 1
Doubled Over Length (m) 2
No of Charge Strings per Hole 1
Pre-Split Powder Factor (kg/m 2) 0.31
Orientation
Typical Presplit Design
50% 75% Normal
Normal Burden 50% Normal
Burden Spacing

Presplit
Row
Alternative Presplit Charges

Usuall
y
Airdec Airdec
k& k&
stem stem
or
leave
open

Single Multipl Continuou


Multiple Continuou
small e small s low
decouple s
charge deck density
d charges decoupled
charge charge
s charge
When it Works!
PreSplit sandstone wall at Panel 8, Hatari, 1999.
When it Works!
Unfavourable Structure
Unfavourable Material

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