University of Baghdad

Al-Khwarizmi Collage of Engineering

Biomedical Engineering Dep.

DC. Electrical Circuits Analysis

2nd Stage, 1st Semester

Lecture # 02
2021-2022
By
Bashar Saad Falih
 Outline
• Series / parallel (how Voltage sources/ Current
sources in series/parallel may be combined).
• Resistance in series
• Resistance in parallel
• Ohm’s Law
• Voltage divider
• Current divider
• Voltage source to Current source Transformation
 s s l i nk
Cla
Voltages Sources and Current
Sources
Series and Parallel Combinations
•Two Types of Current:
•DC—Direct Current—produced
by solar cells and chemical cells
(batteries)
•Current only flows in one
direction.
•AC—Alternating Current
•Current flows back and forth
(alternates)
•Found in homes
•Generators produce AC current
 Voltage Sources in Series
DC voltage sources in series can be combined and replaced with a
single source.
AC voltage sources in series can be combined and replaced with a
single source only if the angular frequency of operation w are
identical.
DC and AC voltage sources can be added together when
calculating a total voltage.
AC voltage sources operating at different frequencies can be
added together.
The current flowing through one voltage source must be equal
to the current flowing through the other voltage source.
Example 1
Example 2

O
r
Example 3

O O
r r
Example 4

O O
r r
Example 5
Allowed

Not Allowed
 Current Sources in Parallel
DC current sources in parallel can be combined and
replaced with a single source.
AC current sources in parallel can be combined and
replaced with a single source only if the angular frequency
of operation w are identical.
DC and AC current sources in parallel can be added
together when calculating a total current.
AC current sources operating at different frequencies can be
added together.
The voltage drop across one current source must be equal to
the voltage dropped across the other current sources in
parallel.
Example 7
Example 8
Example 9

Or
 Current Sources in Series
• Since components in series must have the same current
flowing through each component, the only time two or
more currents sources are allowed in series is when they
have exactly the same magnitude current, the current is
flowing in the same direction, and frequency of operation
(if ac sources).
▫ The multiple current sources in series can be replaced by a
single source with the same magnitude, direction of current
flow, and frequency of operation (if AC sources).
Example 10
Allowed Not Allowed
 Summary
Voltage sources in series can be added.
Current sources in parallel can be added.
Only in the case where the magnitude, polarity, and frequency
of operation are identical can multiple voltage sources be in
parallel.
They can be replaced with a single voltage source of the same
magnitude, polarity, and frequency of operation.
Only in the case where the magnitude, direction of current flow,
and frequency of operation are identical can multiple currents
sources be in series.
They can be replaced with a single current source of the same
magnitude, direction of current flow, and frequency of operation.
Batteries in Series and Parallel
•In series—The voltage is increased.
•In parallel—No change in voltage;
these batteries will last longer!
 Circuit diagrams
• Minimum Three elements:
-Source of electricity (battery)
-Path or conductor on which electricity flows (wire)
-Electrical resistor (lamp) which is any device that requires electricity to
operate
• Pictorial way of showing circuits
This is the Ammeter symbol
This is the Voltmeter symbol.
This is the resistor symbol.
This is the switch symbol.
This is the battery symbol.
Resistors in Series & Parallel
 Series Circuit
• Series circuit - has only one path through which the
electricity can flow.
• When two circuit elements connect at single point

• In the above diagram, the electricity flows through both

loads.
• In series circuit current will remain same.
Series circuit rule for current:
Because there is only one path, the current everywhere
is the same.
For example, the reading on the first ammeter
is 2.0 mA, What do the other meters read?

+ 2.0 mA _ R1 + 2.0 mA _

VS R2

_ _
2.0 mA + 2.0 mA +
 Equivalent Resistance:

We know the following for series resistors:

R1 R2
. . .

R eq RN

. . .
Figure : Resistors in series.
Req = R1 + R2 + . . . + RN

1
 Equivalent Resistance
•For the case of series circuit equivalent
resistance is larger than largest resistance
in a series connection.
 Parallel Circuit
• Parallel circuit -When two circuit elements
connect at single Node pair.

• In parallel circuit voltage will remain same

will remain same across their terminals.
 Parallel Circuits
• A parallel circuit has multiple paths through which the
electricity can flow.

• In a parallel circuit, the current though one path may be

different than the current through the other path.
Equivalent Resistance:

We know the following for parallel resistors:

. . .

R eq R1 R2 RN

. . .
Figure : Resistors in parallel.

1 1 1 1
   . . . 
Req R1 R2 RN
Equivalent Resistance:

For the special case of two resistors in parallel:

R eq R1 R2

Figure: Two resistors in parallel.

R1 R2
Req 
R1  R2
Equivalent Resistance: Resistors in combination.
By combination we mean we have a mix of series and
Parallel. This is illustrated below.
R1 R3

R eq R2 R4 R5

Figure : Resistors In Series – Parallel Combination

To find the equivalent resistance we usually start at
the output of the circuit and work back to the input.
Equivalent Resistance: Resistors in combination.
R1 R3

R4 R5
Req R2 Rx Rx 
R4  R5

R1

R eq R2 Ry R y  R x  R3

Figure : Resistance reduction.

Equivalent Resistance: Resistors in combination.
R1

R2 RY
R eq RZ RZ 
R2  RY

R eq
Req  RZ  R1

Figure : Resistance reduction, final steps.

Equivalent Resistance: Resistors in combination.

It is easier to work the previous problem using numbers than to

work out a general expression. This is illustrated below.
Example : Given the circuit below. Find Req.
10  8

R eq 10  3 6

Figure : Circuit
 Equivalent Resistance: Resistors in combination.
Example : Continued . We start at the right hand side
of the circuit and work to the left.

10  8 10 

Req 10  2 R eq 5

Figure: Reduction steps

Ans: Req 15 

Series - Parallel Circuits
 Current and Resistance in Series
Circuits
• For the series circuit the same current flows through
both loads.
• The loads can be added together to calculate the total
load.
• Rtot = R1 + R2, where Rtot is the total resistance, R1
is the resistance of one load, and R2 is the resistance
of the other.
• The total load (resistance) in a series circuit with “n”
loads is the sum of the resistance of the “n” objects.
Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn.
 Total Voltage in a Series Circuit
• Ohm’s Law can be used to calculate the total voltage
in a series circuit by calculating the sum of the
voltage parts.
• V = V1 + V2, where V is the total voltage (battery
voltage), V1 is the voltage at the first load, and V2 is
the voltage at the other load.
 Current in a Parallel Circuit
• The total current in a parallel circuit is the sum of the
two parts.
• It= I1 + I2, where It is the total current, I1 is the
current through one load, and I2 is the current
through the other load.

I1 I2
Parallel Circuits
Parallel Circuits
 Ohm’s Law
• George Ohm’s law is the most important, basic law of
electricity.
• 1827 - published the Ohm’s Law formula
• The formula was based on his experiments with electrical
resistance.
• Ohm’s Law shows the relationship between voltage (U),
current (I), and resistance (R).
 Where is the picture of
George Ohm
A B C

Albert
Einstein
D E F

George George Thomas

Voltage Divider & Current Divider
Circuits
 Summary
Voltage divider rule

The voltage drop across any given resistor in a series

circuit is equal to the ratio of that resistor to the total
resistance, multiplied by source voltage.

VS
R1
Assume R1 is twice the size of 12 V
R2. What is the voltage across
R2
R1? 8 V
 Summary
R1
Voltage divider 15 kW
VS + R2
20 V 10 kW
What is the voltage across R2?

The total resistance is 25 k Notice that 40% of

the source voltage is
Applying the voltage divider formula:
across R2, which
 R2   10 k 
V2 VS   20 V  8V represents 40% of
 RT   25 k  the total resistance.
 Summary

Voltage divider

Voltage dividers can be set up for a variable output

using a potentiometer. In the circuit shown, the output
voltage is variable.
R1
20 kW
VS +
15 V
What is the largest output R2
10 kW VOUT
voltage available? 5.0 V
 Summary
Power in Series Circuits R1
470 W
VS + R2
Use the voltage divider rule to 20 V 330 W
find V1 and V2. Then find the
power in R1 and R2 and PT.

Applying the voltage The power dissipated by each

divider rule: resistor is:
11.75 V 
2
 470  
V1 20 V    11.75 V P 0.29 W
} PT =
1
 800   470  2
 330  
V2 20 V 
8.25 V  0.5 W
  8.25 V P2  0.21 W
 800   330 
 Current Divider Rule
• Allows us to determine how the current flowing into a
node is split between the various parallel resistors
• If current enters a parallel network with a number of equal
resistors, current will split equally between resistors
• In a parallel network, the smallest value resistor will have
the largest current
• Most of the current will follow the path of least resistance
Voltage source to Current source
Transformation
Source Transformation
• It is process of in which the circuit can be simplify
or modified which make our circuit more is to solve.

• There are many ways to solve the circuit to make it

simple.
Homework!

By using source transformation find the

current (i) through R5 ohm, Vab and total
power.
 References
▫ Nilsson, J.W. and Riedel, S.A., 2020. Electric circuits, 11th Edition.
Pearson.
▫ Boylestad, R.L., 2013. Introductory circuit analysis. Pearson
Education.Education Limited.
▫ Prentice Hall Physical Science Textbook pgs. 658 – 659 ISBN: 0-
13-062649-X

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