Alexander-Sadiku

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

Chapter 11
AC Power Analysis
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 AC Power Analysis
Chapter 11

11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power

11.2 Maximum Average Power Transfer
11.3 Effective or RMS Value
11.4 Apparent Power and Power Factor
11.5 Complex Power
11.6 Conservation of AC Power
11.7 Power Factor Correction
11.8 Power Measurement

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 11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (1)
• The instantaneous power, p(t)
p (t )  v(t ) i (t )  Vm I m cos ( t   v ) cos ( t   i )
1 1
 Vm I m cos ( v   i )  Vm I m cos (2 t   v   i )
2 2
Constant power Sinusoidal power at 2t

p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is absorbed by the source.
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 11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (2)
• The average power, P, is the average of the instantaneous
power over one period.
1 T 1
P
T 
0
p (t ) dt  Vm I m cos ( v   i )
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1. P is not time dependent.
2. When θv = θi , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When θv– θi = ±90o, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.

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 11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (3)
Practice Example 1

Calculate the instantaneous power and average

power absorbed by a passive linear network if:

v(t )  80 cos (10 t  20 )

i (t )  15 sin (10 t  60 )

Answer: 385.7  600cos(20t  10 )W, 387.5W

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 11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (4)
Example 2

A current I 10  30 flows through an impedance

Z. 20the
Find  22average
Ω power delivered
to the impedance.

Answer: 927.2W
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11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (1)
The maximum average power
ZTH  R TH  j X TH can be transferred to the load if
For a load that is complex:
XL = –XTH and RL = RTH
ZL  R L  j X L 2
VTH
Pmax 
8 R TH

If the load is purely real, then, 2 2 9

R L  R TH  X TH  ZTH
XL=0, use P=I2RL for max. power where
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11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (2)
Example 3

For the circuit shown below, find the load impedance ZL that
absorbs the maximum average power. Calculate that maximum
average power.

Answer: 3.415 – j0.7317, 1.429W

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11.3 Effective or RMS Value (1)
The effective of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers
the same average power to a resistor as the periodic current.

The total power dissipated by R is given by:

1 T R T 2
0 
2 2
P i Rdt  i dt  I rms R
T T 0

T
Hence, Ieff is equal to: I  1
 dt  I rms
2
eff i
T 0

The rms value is a constant itself which

depends on the shape of the function i(t). 12
11.3 Effective or RMS Value (3)

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 11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (1)
• Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s. values of
voltage and current.
• It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from
the average or real power which is measured in watts.

P Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  S cos (θ v  θ i )

Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf

• Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between

the voltage and current. It is also the cosine of the angle
of the load impedance.
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 11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (2)

Purely resistive θv– θi = 0, Pf = 1 P/S = 1, all power are

load (R) consumed
Purely reactive θv– θi = ±90o, P = 0, no real power
load (L or C) consumption
pf = 0
Resistive and θv – θ i > 0 • Lagging - inductive
reactive load load
(R and L/C)
θv – θ i < 0 • Leading - capacitive
load

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 11.5 Complex Power (1)
Complex power S is the product of the voltage and the
complex conjugate of the current:

V Vm θ v I I m θ i

1 
V I Vrms I rms  θ v  θ i
2

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 11.5 Complex Power (2)
1
S  V I Vrms I rms  θ v  θ i
2
 S Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θ i )

S = P + j Q

P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is

the only useful power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in VAR.
•Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
•Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
•Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf). 19
 11.5 Complex Power (3)
 S Vrms I rmscos (θ v  θ i )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θ i )

S = P + j Q

Apparent Power, S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P2  Q2

Real power, P = Re(S) = S cos(θv – θi)
Reactive Power, Q = Im(S) = S sin(θv – θi)
Power factor, pf = P/S = cos(θv – θi)

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 11.5 Complex Power (4)
 S Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θ i )

S = P + j Q

Power Triangle Impedance Triangle Power Factor 21

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11.6 Conservation of AC Power (1)
The complex real, and reactive powers of the sources
equal the respective sums of the complex, real, and
reactive powers of the individual loads.

For parallel connection:

1 1 * 1 1
S V I*  V (I1  I*2 )  V I1*  V I*2  S1  S2
2 2 2 2
The same results can be obtained for a series connection. 23
11.7 Power Factor Correction (1)
Power factor correction is the process of increasing the
power factor without altering the voltage or current to
the original load.

Power factor correction is necessary for economic reason. 24

11.7 Power Factor Correction (2)

Qc = Q 1 – Q 2
= P (tan θ1 - tan θ2)
= ωCV2rms

Q1 = S1 sin θ1 Qc P (tan θ1  tan θ 2 )

C  2
 2
= P tan θ1 ωVrms ω Vrms

P = S1 cos θ1 Q2 = P tan θ2
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 11.8 Power Measurement (1)
The wattmeter is the instrument for measuring the average
power.

The basic structure Equivalent Circuit with load

If v(t ) Vm cos(t   v ) and i (t )  I m cos(t   i )

P  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  12 Vm I m cos (θ v  θ i )

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