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Presentation 3

FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY AND NORMALIZATION

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Tamilarasi Suresh
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10 views23 pages

Presentation 3

FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY AND NORMALIZATION

Uploaded by

Tamilarasi Suresh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Functional Dependency

and Normalization
• The functional dependency is a relationship that exists
between two attributes.
• It typically exists between the primary key and non-key
attribute within a table.
•X → Y
• Inference Rule (IR):
• The Armstrong's axioms are the basic inference rule.
• Armstrong's axioms are used to conclude functional
dependencies on a relational database.
• The inference rule is a type of assertion. It can apply to
a set of FD(functional dependency) to derive other FD.
• Using the inference rule, we can derive additional
functional dependency from the initial set.
1. Reflexive Rule (IR1)
• In the reflexive rule, if Y is a subset of X, then X
determines Y.
• If X ⊇ Y then X → Y
X = {a, b, c, d, e}
Y = {a, b, c}
2. Augmentation Rule (IR2)
• The augmentation is also called as a partial
dependency. In augmentation, if X determines Y, then
XZ determines YZ for any Z.
If X → Y then XZ → YZ
For R(ABCD), if A → B then AC → BC
3. Transitive Rule (IR3)
• In the transitive rule, if X determines Y and Y determine Z,
then X must also determine Z.
• If X → Y and Y → Z then X → Z
4. Union Rule (IR4)
• Union rule says, if X determines Y and X determines Z, then
X must also determine Y and Z.
• If X → Y and X → Z then X → YZ
1. X → Y (given)
2. X → Z (given)
3. X → XY (using IR2 on 1 by augmentation with X. Where XX =
X)
4. XY → YZ (using IR2 on 2 by augmentation with Y)
5. X → YZ (using IR3 on 3 and 4)
5. Decomposition Rule (IR5)
• Decomposition rule is also known as project rule. It is
the reverse of union rule.
• This Rule says, if X determines Y and Z, then X
determines Y and X determines Z separately.
• f X → YZ then X → Y and X → Z
6. Pseudo transitive Rule (IR6)
• In Pseudo transitive Rule, if X determines Y and YZ
determines W, then XZ determines W.
• If X → Y and YZ → W then XZ → W
1. X → Y (given)
2. WY → Z (given)
3. WX → WY (using IR2 on 1 by augmenting with W)
4. WX → Z (using IR3 on 3 and 2)
What is Normalization?

• Normalization is the process of organizing the data in


the database.
• Normalization is used to minimize the redundancy from
a relation or set of relations. It is also used to eliminate
undesirable characteristics like Insertion, Update, and
Deletion Anomalies.
• Normalization divides the larger table into smaller and
links them using relationships.
• The normal form is used to reduce redundancy from the
database table.
• Data modification anomalies can be categorized
into three types:
• Insertion Anomaly: Insertion Anomaly refers to when
one cannot insert a new tuple into a relationship due to
lack of data.
• Deletion Anomaly: The delete anomaly refers to the
situation where the deletion of data results in the
unintended loss of some other important data.
• Updatation Anomaly: The update anomaly is when an
update of a single data value requires multiple rows of
data to be updated.
First Normal Form (1NF)

• A relation will be 1NF if it contains an atomic value.


• It states that an attribute of a table cannot hold multiple
values. It must hold only single-valued attribute.
• First normal form disallows the multi-valued attribute,
composite attribute, and their combinations.
• Relation EMPLOYEE is not in 1NF because of multi-
valued attribute EMP_PHONE.
EMPLOYEE table:
EMP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_PHONE EMP_STATE

14 John 7272826385, UP
9064738238

20 Harry 8574783832 Bihar

12 Sam 7390372389, Punjab


8589830302
EMP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_PHONE EMP_STATE

14 John 7272826385 UP

14 John 9064738238 UP

20 Harry 8574783832 Bihar

12 Sam 7390372389 Punjab

12 Sam 8589830302 Punjab


Second Normal Form (2NF)
• In the 2NF, relational must be in 1NF.
• In the second normal form, all non-key attributes are
fully functional dependent on the primary key
Example: Let's assume, a school can store the data of
teachers and the subjects they teach.
In a school, a teacher can teach more than one subject.
TEACHER_ID SUBJECT TEACHER_AGE

25 Chemistry 30

25 Biology 30

47 English 35

83 Math 38

83 Computer 38
TEACHER_ID TEACHER_AGE

25 30

47 35

83 38
TEACHER_ID SUBJECT
25 Chemistry
25 Biology
47 English
83 Math
83 Computer
Third Normal Form (3NF)

• A relation will be in 3NF if it is in 2NF and not contain


any transitive partial dependency.
• 3NF is used to reduce the data duplication. It is also
used to achieve the data integrity.
• If there is no transitive dependency for non-prime
attributes, then the relation must be in third normal
form.
EMP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_ZIP EMP_STATE EMP_CITY

222 Harry 201010 UP Noida

333 Stephan 02228 US Boston

444 Lan 60007 US Chicago

555 Katharine 06389 UK Norwich

666 John 462007 MP Bhopa


• Here, EMP_STATE & EMP_CITY dependent on EMP_ZIP
and EMP_ZIP dependent on EMP_ID.
• The non-prime attributes (EMP_STATE, EMP_CITY)
transitively dependent on super key(EMP_ID). It violates
the rule of third normal form.
• That's why we need to move the EMP_CITY and
EMP_STATE to the new <EMPLOYEE_ZIP> table, with
EMP_ZIP as a Primary key.
EMP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_ZIP

222 Harry 201010

333 Stephan 02228

444 Lan 60007

555 Katharine 06389

666 John 462007


EMP_ZIP EMP_STATE EMP_CITY

201010 UP Noida

02228 US Boston

60007 US Chicago

06389 UK Norwich

462007 MP Bhopal

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