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Lec 22 Operating System

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9 views26 pages

Lec 22 Operating System

This slide is for the ICT course of Operation Systems

Uploaded by

rumanasif3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

CS09106 IICT

Lecture
(Operating System)

1
THE ROLE OF AN OS
• The 1st program that runs when a typical
computer is turned ON, and the last one to finish
running when the computer is turned OFF

• It manages the HW and SW resources of the


computer system, often invisibly. These include
the processor, memory, disk drives, etc.

• It provides a simple, consistent way for


applications to interact with the HW without
having to know all the details of the HW
2
Advantage for App. Developers
• App developers do not need to know much about

the HW while they are developing their app

• They just develop with a particular OS in mind. If


the OS runs on many types of computers having
different HW configurations, so will the app –
without making any HW-specific modifications in
the app SW. The OS hides the HW differences
from the app
3
• Applications interact with OS, OS talks with
hardware for a particular task that is need to
be done.

• Is it possible to bypass the OS?

• Is it possible to have a computer with no OS


just application is running?

• Yes, many computers in the world, which have


no OS. 4
Are OS’es Essential?
• No. If a computer has been designed for limited
functionality (e.g. it runs just a single program all
the time as in a automatic clothes washing
machine), it does not require a traditional OS

• In limited-functionality computers, an OS just


adds to the overhead unnecessarily, which
impedes the computer’s performance

• In these situations, the required parts of the OS


are integrated into the only program that is going
to run
5
In the beginning …
• A single user ran a single program ran on a
single computer – there was no need for an OS

• Then came computer operators who ran


multiple programs for multiple users one after
the other – still, no need for an OS

• Later computers became powerful, & became able to


run multiple programs, simultaneously. That’s when the
need for OS’es arose for:
– Managing the resources of the computers efficiently
– Making use of computers convenient for users/programmers
6
CORE TASK OF AN OS
1. Processor management
2. Memory management
3. Device management
4. Storage management
5. Application Interface
6. User Interface

7
Processor Management
• Various programs compete for the attention
of the uP(microprocessor) for their own
purposes

• The OS plays the role of the honest referee,


making sure that each app gets the necessary
attention required for its proper execution

• It tries to optimally manages the limited


processing capacity of the uP to the greatest
good of all the users & apps 8
Memory Management
• Straight forward for a single-user, single tasking

• Each app must have enough private memory in


which to execute

• App can neither run into the private memory


space of another app, nor be run into by another
app

• Different types of memory (e.g. main, cache) in the


system must be used properly, so that each app
can run most effectively 9
Storage Management
• The OS manages storage through one of its sub-
modules, the File Manager

• A file system is a collection of directories,


subdirectories, and files organized in a logical order

• File manager maintains an index of the filenames


& where they are located on the disk

• File manager make it easy to find the required file


in a logical and timely fashion
10
Device Management
• Applications talk to devices through the OS
and OS talks to and manages devices through
Device Drivers

• Example: When we print to a laser printer,


we do not need to know its details. All we do
is to tell the printer device driver about what
needs to be printed and it takes care of the
details

12
Application Interface
• App developers do not need to know much
about the HW, especially the uP, while they are
developing their app

• The OS provides all apps with a straight-forward


and consistent interface to the HW

• Example: An app uses the OS to store data on


the disk drive. For that, the app does not need to
know about the exact physical characteristics of
that drive; it just tells the OS to do that through
the app interface, and the OS takes cares of all the
details of the task 13
User Interface
• Users communicate with the computer using a
consistent user interface provided by the OS

• This UI can be a command-line interface in which a user


types in the commands. Example:
copy a:/file1.html c:/file1.html

• Or, it can be a graphical UI, where Windows, Icons,


Menus, and a Pointing device (such as a mouse) is used
to receive and display information. Example:
With the help of the mouse, drag file1.html
from drive a to drive c
14
The DOS Prompt is not seen much these days!
Icons
Program
running in
Desktop
a window
Window control buttons

Start menu
Start button
Dialog box
Taskbar
The Windows start
button can be used
to launch programs.

Or, icons can be


double-clicked to
launch programs.
OS COMPONENTS
Device
Manager

File
Manager

Loader Kernel
Command
Interpreter
(Shell) GUI
Kernal
• The heart/brain of the OS

• Responsible for all the essential operations


like basic house keeping, task scheduling, etc.
Also contains low-level HW interfaces

• Size important, as it is memory-resident

20
Types of OS’es
• Classification w.r.t. the type of computers they
run on and the type of applications they
support

– Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)


– Single-User, Single Task
– Single-User, Multi-Tasking
– Multi-User

21
RTOS (1)
• Used to run computers embedded in
machinery, robots, scientific instruments and
industrial systems

• Typically, it has little user interaction


capability, and no end-user utilities, since the
system will be a "sealed box" when delivered
for use

• Examples: Wind River, QNX, Real-time Linux,


Real-time Windows NT
22
RTOS (2)
• An important part of an RTOS is managing the
resources of the computer so that a particular
operation executes in precisely the same
amount of time every time it occurs

• In a complex machine, having a part move


more quickly just because system resources
are available may be just as CATASTROPHIC as
having it not move at all because the system
was busy

23
Single-User, Single Task
• OS’es designed to manage the computer so that
one user can effectively do one thing at a time

• The Palm OS used in many palmtop computers


(PDA’s) is an example of a single-user, single-task OS
Single User, Multi-Tasking
• Most popular OS

• Used by most all PC’s and Laptops

• Examples: Windows, Mac OS, Linux

• Lets a single user interact with several


programs, simultaneously

25

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