Operating system

 An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer

user and computer hardware.
 An operating system is a software which performs all the basic
tasks like file management, memory management, process
management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
 Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating
System, Windows Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS,
etc.
 some of important functions of an operating System.

 Memory Management
 Processor Management
 Device Management
 File Management
 Security
 Control over system
performance
 Job accounting
 Error detecting aids
 Coordination between other
software and users
 Important Activities of OS

 Following are some of the important activities that an Operating System performs
−
 Security − By means of password and similar other techniques, it prevents
unauthorized access to programs and data.
 Control over system performance − Recording delays between request for a
service and response from the system.
 Job accounting − Keeping track of time and resources used by various jobs and
users.
 Error detecting aids − Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other
debugging and error detecting aids.
 Coordination between other softwares and users − Coordination and assignment
of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to the various users of the
computer systems.
 Types of Operating system
 Operating systems are there from the very first computer
generation and they keep evolving with time. In this chapter, we
will discuss some of the important types of operating systems
which are most commonly used.
 Batch operating system
 Time-sharing operating systems
 Distributed operating System
 Network operating System
 Real Time operating System
Introduction to operating system
Batch Operating System
 Some computer processes are very lengthy
and time-consuming. To speed the same
process, a job with a similar type of needs are
batched together and run as a group.
 The user of a batch operating system never
directly interacts with the computer.
 thistype of OS, every user prepares his or her
job on an offline device like a punch card(A
punched card is a piece of stiff paper that holds digital data represented by the presence or

absence of holes in predefined positions.) and submit it to the

computer operator.
Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating
systems

 Time-sharing operating system enables

people located at a different terminal(shell)
to use a single computer system at the same
time. The processor time (CPU) which is
shared among multiple users is termed as
time sharing.
Real time OS
 A real time operating system time interval to process and
respond to inputs is very small. Examples:
 Military Software Systems, Space Software Systems are the
Real time OS example.
Distributed Operating System
 Distributed systems use many processors located in different
machines to provide very fast computation to its users.
Network Operating System
 Network Operating System runs on a server.
 It provides the capability to serve to manage data, user,
groups, security, application, and other networking functions.
Functions of Operating System
Functions of Operating System
 Process management:- Process management helps OS to
create and delete processes. It also provides mechanisms for
synchronization and communication among processes.
 Memory management:- Memory management module
performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of memory
space to programs in need of this resources.
 File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such
as organization storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and
protection of files.
 Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all
devices. This module also responsible for this task is known as
the I/O controller. It also performs the task of allocation and de-
allocation of the devices.
 I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is
to hide the peculiarities of that hardware devices from the user.
Functions of Operating System
 Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have
several levels of storage which includes primary
storage, secondary storage, and cache storage.
Instructions and data must be stored in primary
storage or cache so that a running program can
reference it.
 Security:- Security module protects the data and
information of a computer system against malware
threat and authorized access.
 Command interpretation: This module is
interpreting commands given by the and acting
system resources to process that commands.
Functions of Operating System
 Networking: A distributed system is a group of
processors which do not share memory, hardware
devices, or a clock. The processors communicate
with one another through the network.
 Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource
used by various job and users.
 Communication management: Coordination and
assignment of compilers, interpreters, and another
software resource of the various users of the
computer systems.
Features of Operating System
(OS)
 Protected and supervisor mode
 Allows disk access and file systems Device
drivers Networking Security
 Program Execution
 Memory management Virtual Memory
Multitasking
 Handling I/O operations
 Manipulation of the file system
 Error Detection and handling
 Resource allocation
 Information and Resource Protection
Advantage & disadvantages of using Operating
System
 Allows you to hide details of hardware by
 If any issue occurs in OS,
creating an abstraction
 Easy to use with a GUI you may lose all the
 Offers an environment in which a user contents which have been
may execute programs/applications stored in your system
 The operating system must make sure  Operating system's
that the computer system convenient to
use software is quite
 Operating System acts as an expensive for small size
intermediary among applications and the organization which adds
hardware components burden on them. Example
 It provides the computer system Windows
resources with easy to use format
 It is never entirely secure
 Acts as an intermediator between all
hardware's and software's of the system as a threat can occur at
any time
Introduction to Computer Program
 Before getting into computer programming, let
us first understand computer programs and what
they do.
 A computer program is a sequence of
instructions written using a Computer
Programming Language to perform a specified
task by the computer.
 The two important terms that we have used in
the above definition are:
 Sequence of instructions
 Computer Programming Language
Introduction to Computer Program
 A computer program is also called a
computer software, which can range from
two lines to millions of lines of
instructions.
 Computer program instructions are also
called program source code and computer
programming is also called program
coding.
 A computer without a computer program is
just a dump box; it is programs that make
computers active.
Introduction to Computer Program
 If you understood what a computer program is, then we
will say:
 “The act of writing computer programs is called
computer programming”.
 As we mentioned earlier, there are hundreds of
programming languages, which can be used to write
computer programs and following are a few of them:
 Java
 C / C++
 Python
 PHP
 Perl
 Ruby
 Uses of Computer Programs
 Today computer programs are being used in almost every field,
household, agriculture, medical, entertainment, defense, communication,
etc.
 Listed below are a few applications of computer programs:
 MS Word, MS Excel, Adobe Photoshop, Internet Explorer, Chrome, etc.,
are examples of computer programs.
• Computer programs are being used to develop graphics and special
effects in movie making.
• Computer programs are being used to perform Ultrasounds, X-Rays, and
other medical examinations.
• Computer programs are being used in our mobile phones for SMS, Chat,
and voice communication.
Programming Language
 programming language is a language which is understood
by computer. It is designed to give instructions to a
computer to perform a specific task.
 It is used to write computer programs.
 Programming languages can be classified into two
categories, that is,
 low level languages and high level languages.
 Low Level/ Machine Languages
 Low level language is machine-oriented language. To understand low level language,
detailed knowledge of internal working of computer is required. Low level languages
include machine language and assembly language.

 Machine Language Programming language that is directly understood by computer

hardware is known as machine language. Machine language is associated with
architecture of computer. Therefore, programs written in machine language for one
computer will not work on another because of design differences. It consists of zeroes
and ones. It is almost impossible for humans to use machine language because it
entirely consists of numbers. Therefore, practically no programming is done in
machine language. Instead, assembly languages and high level languages are used.
 Assembly Language
 Assembly language consists of symbolic codes or abbreviations known as mnemonics. It
was developed to make computer programming easier than machine language. The
abbreviations used in assembly language make it easier to learn and write programs
compared to machine language. A program written in assembly language must be
converted into machine language before it is executed by computer. A program known as
assembler is used to translate assembly language into machine language. Some important
characteristics of Assembly language are:
 Assembly language allows programmers to have access to all the special features of the
computer they are using. Certain types of operations which are not possible in high level
languages are easily programmed using assembly language.
 Generally a program written in assembly language will require less storage and less
running time than one prepared in a high level language.
 Assembly languages are still the best choice in some applications but their use is gradually
declining.
Machine Language Assembly Language
Machine language is only understand by the Assembly language is only understand by human
computers. beings not by the computers.
In machine language data only represented with In assembly language data can be represented
the help of binary format(0s and 1s), hexadecimal with the help of mnemonics such as Mov, Add, Sub,
and octadecimal. End etc.
Machine language is very difficult to understand by Assembly language is easy to understand by the
the human beings. human being as compare to machine language.
Modifications and error fixing cannot be done in Modifications and error fixing can be done in
machine language. assembly language.
Machine language is very difficult to memorize so Easy to memorize the assembly language because
it is not possible to learn the machine language. some alphabets and mnemonics are used.

Execution is fast in machine language because all Execution is slow as compared to machine
data is already present in binary format. language.

There is no need of translator.The machine Assembler is used as translator to convert

understandable form is the machine language. mnemonics into machine understandable form.
Assembly language is the machine dependent and
Machine language is hardware dependent.
it is not portable.
 High Level Language
 High Level Languages (HLLs) High level languages are English-oriented
languages and they are commonly used for writing computer programs.
These languages use English language words such as print, go to, if, end,
etc. Therefore, they are easy to learn and use. Some examples of high
level languages are Visual Basic, C, Java and Pascal. A program known as
compiler/interpreter is required to translate a high level program into
machine language. Coding and debugging of a high level language
program is much easier than a program written in a low level language.
 High-level languages can be classified into
 procedural,
 structured and
 object-oriented programming languages.
 Characteristics of HLL
 1) These languages were developed to make computer programming
simple, easier and less prone to errors.
 2)High level languages are not machine dependent. They enable
programmers to write programs that are independent of a particular type of
computer.
 3)Programs written in high-level languages must be translated into
machine language by a compiler or an interpreter before execution by the
computer.
Characteristics of HLL
 4) The process of finding and removing errors in programs
(debugging) is easier in high-level languages compared to low
level language.
 5) High-level language programs are highly structured. They
allow programmers to break lengthy programs into a number
of modules which can be written and tested independently.
This makes writing and testing of programs easier.
 Difference between HLL & LLL
S.NO High Level Language Low Level Language

1. It is programmer friendly language. It is a machine friendly language.

2. High level language is less memory efficient. Low level language is high memory efficient.

3. It is easy to understand. It is tough to understand.

4. It is simple to debug. It is complex to debug comparatively.

5. It is simple to maintain. It is complex to maintain comparatively.

6. It is portable. It is non-portable.

7. It can run on any platform. It is machine-dependent.

8. It needs compiler or interpreter for translation. It needs assembler for translation.

9. It is used widely for programming. It is not commonly used now-a-days in programming.