INTERNET

LECTURE 6
Interconnected Network
(Internet)
■ Internet
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system
of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at
any one computer can, if they have permission, get information
from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at
other computers).
Evolution
The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone several
technological & Infrastructural changes as discussed below:
■ The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research
Project Agency Network (ARPANET).
■ ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.
■ Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the
various bodies of government.
■ Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.
■ In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located at
different countries and thus became known as Internet.
Internet - 1970s
■ 1972 - Telnet developed as a way to connect to remote
computer
■ 1972 – Email introduced
– 1977 - U. Wisconsin has first “large” Email system - 100
users
■ 1973 - ARPANET goes international
■ 1973 - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) established

Note: protocol Sometimes referred to as an access method, a

protocol is a standard or set of rules used to define a method of
exchanging data over a computer network, such as local area
network, Internet, Intranet, etc.
Internet - 1980s
■ 1984 - Domain Name Server introduced
– allows naming of hosts, no longer numeric
■ 1986
– Completely privatized by 1995
– 56 K interconnection initially, increased rapidly
Internet 1990s
■ 1991 - Tim Berners-Lee releases World Wide Web!
– TBL is computer programmer at CERN, a physics lab in Europe
(new book Weaving the Web by TBL)
■ 1993 - Mosaic (becomes Netscape) designed by graduate students
at University of Illinois
– first point-and-click browser
– later developed into Netscape Navigator
■ These are the two most significant events in the formation of the
WWW
Telnet
■ Telnet (TN) is a networking protocol and software program used to
access remote computers and terminals over the Internet or a TCP/IP
computer network. Telnet was conceived in 1969 and standardized as
one of the first Internet standards by the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF).
■ Telnet is a user command and an underlying TCP/IP protocol for
accessing remote computers. Through Telnet, an administrator or
another user can access someone else's computer remotely.
■ On the Web, HTTP and FTP protocols allow you to request specific files
from remote computers, but not to actually be logged on as a user of
that computer. With Telnet, you log on as a regular user with whatever
privileges you may have been granted to the specific application and
data on that computer.
File Transfer Protocol

■ File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard Internet protocol for

transmitting files between computers on the Internet
over TCP/IP connections. FTP is a client-server protocol where a client
will ask for a file, and a local or remote server will provide it.
■ The end-users machine is typically called the local host machine,
which is connected via the internet to the remote host—which is the
second machine running the FTP software.
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a network of online content that is
formatted in HTML and accessed via HTTP.
The term refers to all the interlinked HTML pages that can be accessed
over the Internet.
■ Public files on computers can be read by remote user
– usually HyperText Markup Language (.html)
■ URL - Universal Resource Locator - is name of file on a remote
computer
http://www.msu.edu/~urquhar5/tour/active.html
TCP
■ When a computer wants to communicate with another computer,
communication between those computers need to be good and
reliable so that data is received in good order
■ TCP is one of the major protocols that is used in the TCP/IP network
■ TCP is what is used to guarantee that all the data is received and in
order. Without TCP, web pages can miss out on some pieces like
images, letters, formats
 TCP
■ TCP is connection oriented protocol which means it acknowledges a
connection between 2 computers that are communicating.
It uses a 3 way hand shake
■ 1st step: Client uses a SYN message
■ 2nd step: Receiver will send back a SYN ACK message to show that it
has received the message
■ 3rd step: Client computer sends another ACK message back to the
receiver so when this takes place, data can be delivered
 HTTP
■ World Wide Web uses HTTP Servers, better known as web server
■ Receive HTTP type request and send requested file in packets
■ The transfer protocol is the set of rules that the computers use to
move files from one computer to another on the Internet.
■ The most common transfer protocol used on the Internet is the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
■ Two other protocols that you can use on the Internet are the File
Transfer Protocol (FTP) and the Telnet Protocol
■ HTML
The backbone of the World Wide Web is made of HTML files,
which are specially-formatted documents that can contain
links, as well as images and other media. All web browsers can
read HTML files. In addition to HTML, it's also very common for
websites to use technologies like CSS (Cascading Style
Sheets) and JavaScript to do more advanced things.
IP Address
IP address is a unique logical address assigned to a machine over the
network.

IP address is number while on the other hand domain names are easy to
remember names. For example, when we enter an email address we
always enter a symbolic string such as webmaster@tutorialspoint.com.
Types of IP addresses
Two major types of IP addresses
■ IPv4 32 bit long and IPv6 128 bit long
■ IPv4 is most common. Supports billions of addresses
■ Example of an IPv4 address is 137.170.4.124 and each sector/ group
is called an can range from 0-255. This IP address is converted to
binary for a computer to understand it
■ IPv4 would be ok because the world grows and it can run out of IPv4
permutations which is 4.6 bn which the IPv4 can support so we need
more
■ IPv6 can range from 0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000-
FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
F simply means there are 16 different values that can go in that spot
Domain name:
■ What is a domain name?
A domain name is your website name. A domain name is the address
where Internet users can access your website. A domain name is used for
finding and identifying computers on the Internet. Computers use IP
addresses, which are a series of numbers. However, it is difficult for
humans to remember strings of numbers. Because of this, domain names
were developed and used to identify entities on the Internet rather than
using IP addresses.
A domain name can be any combination of letters and numbers, and it can be
used in combination of the various domain name extensions, such
as .com, .net and more.
The domain name must be registered before you can use it. Every domain
name is unique. No two websites can have the same domain name. If
someone types in www.yourdomain.com, it will go to your website and no
one else's.
Uniform Resource Locators
■ The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular computer
on the Internet.
■ However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML document
resides on that computer.
■ To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on Uniform
Resource Locator (URL).
■ URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web browser:
 What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
 The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
 The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on which
the file resides
 The name of the file
Structure of a Uniform Resource Locators

pathname
protocol

http://www.chicagosymphony.org/civicconcerts/index.htm

filename
Domain name

http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol

How to access the Web?
■ Once you have your Internet connection, then you need special
software called a browser to access the Web.
■ Web browsers are used to connect you to remote computers, open
and transfer files, display text and images.
■ Web browsers are specialized programs.
■ Examples of Web browser: Netscape Navigator (Navigator) and
Internet Explorer.
Web Browser
■ A web browser is the computer program you use to retrieve and view
webpages. On most computers, including those at the Library, the browser you
will use is called Internet Explorer (IE). There are dozens of other web browsers
(Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, & Opera are some of the most popular). They
may look different, but the same basic elements will be there and they all take
you to the same place—the internet.

■ A site or area on the World Wide Web that is accessed by its own Internet
address is called a Web site.

■ A Web Page is like a page in a book. Websites often have several pages that
you can access by clicking on links. A Web site can be a collection of related
Web pages.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)

■ A commercial organization with permanent connection to the

Internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers.
■ The service provider gives you a software package, user name,
password, and access phone number. With a modem, a user can
log on, browse the World Wide Web, and communicate with
others through Usenet and e-mail. Examples of ISP in Uganda
include; Airtel, MTN, Africell and many others
Servers and Clients
■ A server is a computer that "serves" many different computers in a
network by running specialized software and storing
information. For example, web pages are stored on servers.
■ When you access a web page, your computer is acting as a client. A
client runs familiar software such as web browsers or email
software, and it communicates with the server to get the
information it requires.
■ In order for your browser to display a web page, it requests the data
from the server where the page is stored. The server processes the
request, then sends the data to your browser, where it is displayed.
■ In peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, each computer acts as both a server
and a client. Examples of P2P software include Skype and BitTorrent..
Advantages of internet
■ Unlimited Communication. The Internet has made it easy for people to
communicate with others because it is cheap and convenient. Eg skype,
Facebook
■ Abundant Information and Resources. The Internet is swamped with
information about anything and everything. There are multiple search
engines that have made it easier for Internet users to find information.
■ Easy Sharing. Thanks to the Internet, sharing information is fast and
seamless. If you want to tell your 30 friends about your latest promotion,
you can do so in an instant. You can use social media sites such as
Facebook. You can also share music, videos and any other file
■ Online Services and E-commerce. Today it is possible to carry out financial
transactions online. You can transfer funds, pay taxes and utility bills or
book movie tickets over the Internet in the comfort of your office or home
■ Entertainment. This is one of the major reasons why many people enjoy
surfing the Internet – entertainment. You can watch movies, listen to music,
read your favorite celebrity gossip columns and play games over the
Internet.
Dis Advantages of internet
■ Virus, Trojan & Other Malware. These are malicious programs that
plague the Internet time and again. They attack a computer with the
sole intent of causing harm.
■ Leakage of Private Information. The fact that the Internet has become
a market place has also seen a rise in fraud cases. Credit/debit card
details are particularly vulnerable.
■ Addiction to Internet. Just like everything else, people also get addicted
to the Internet. This affects their social interactions a great deal.
Internet addiction has been known to be a major cause of obesity and
has, in some cases, led to some diseases like carpal tunnel syndrome
■ Kids Exposed to Adults-Only Content. The fact that Internet has all
information you could ever need is both a good thing and a bad things.
This is because it contains age-inappropriate content like pornography.
Unfortunately, such content can be accessed by children as young as
ten.
 Intranet
■ An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise.
It may consist of many interlinked local area networks and also use
leased lines in the wide area network.
■ Typically, an intranet includes connections through one or more
gateway computers to the outside Internet.
■ The main purpose of an intranet is to share company information and
computing resources among employees. An intranet can also be used
to facilitate working in groups and for teleconferences.
 Extranet
■ An extranet is basically a private network designed specifically to
allow these individuals (clients, vendors, suppliers, partners, etc.) to
communicate with you and your employees in a closed digital
workspace.
■ Extranets serve an extremely important role, as they allow for private
communication, collaboration, knowledge sharing, document sharing,
and data transfer between organizations
services that are offered by the
internet
■ E -mail
■ Telnet. This is used to log to a remote computer that is
attached to the internet
■ Newsgroups. Offers a forum for people to discuss topics of
common interests
■ Internet Telephony. (VoIP) allows the internet users to talk
across the internet to any PC equipped to receive the call
■ Instant messaging. Offers real time chat between
individuals and groups of people for example Yahoo
messenger, MSN messenger
■ Video conferencing. A method of communicating by two-
way video and audio transmission with the help of telecom
technologies
Requirements for Internet
Connection
 A computing device with a good processor.
 Brower software such as I.E, Mozilla Fire Fox, Google Chrome, etc
 Modem. Modulator Demodulator.
 ISP.

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TYPE OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS

■Dialup
■Cable Connection
■DSL Broadband
■Fiber
■satellite

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Dialup Connection
■ Dial-up connections require users to link their phone line to a
computer in order to access the Internet.
■ For accessing the internet, you have to dial a specific number, and
Your ISP will open the internet line for you.
■ Here is the same line for internet and telephone, so at a time only one
task can take place either you can run internet or talk on the
telephone. It is the main disadvantage of a Dial-up connection.
■ It is the most inexpensive form of the internet connection, apart from
it, its speed is also very slow
Cable Connection

■ Broadband Cable is typically provided by the same provider that

provides cable television to its customers.
■ Here we use cable modem/wifi router combo.
■ Because of the connection of your neighbors and you are on the same
cable line so during the peak hours you have experienced slow speed.
The reason behind is that your neighbors are also using at the same
time.

Note: Broadband is the transmission of wide bandwidth data over a high

speed internet connection. Its is a fancy way of saying your internet is
always connected and doesn’t depend on a phone line connection
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

■ In a DSL internet connection, both voice and internet data can flow
over the same telephone line at the same time.
■ It has a DSL modem which filters the voice and data.
■ DSL represents a high-speed connection, much fast than the ancient
dial-up connection, but it is not as fast as a cable connection.
■ So due to DSL modem, you can go on the internet and talk on the
phone at the same time (Modem convert analog signal to digital
signal).
Types of DSL internet:

■ ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): In this internet

connection downloading speed is considerably faster than the
uploading speed.
■ SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line): In SDSL connection,
Download and upload speed are equal. It is typically used in
businesses.
■ VDSL (Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line): it is the
fastest form of the DSL. It is fast because, in its line, copper wire is
used. Due to copper, it is only installed for limited distances.
 Fiber
■ A fiber internet connection provides the fastest internet speed today.
■ It uses light to transfer the data through the optical fiber cable.
■ In other forms of internet, connection data is transferred in electrical
form, so signal get weaker and weaker at large distances because
singles in the copper cable can be affected by electromagnetic
interference.
■ But in the fiber optic cable, signal transfers in the glass in the form of
light, it can travel to long distances without any losses.
■ Fiber is more expensive than the DSL and cable.
Satellite

■ Satellite internet is the internet which uses the path of the outer
space.
■ In rural area satellite internet will be the best option for high speed, it
is a faster option than dial-up.
■ Still, large-scale improvements are going on for making it more usable
and reliable in the field of infrastructure and technology.
■ At many places, its speed is less than the cable and DSL connection.
THE END