MODALS

selcukhocay
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selcukhocay
• Tense kullanarak veremediğimiz anlamları, izin-olasılık-tavsiye gibi anlamları
Modals kullanarak veriririz.
• Bir modalın birden fazla anlamı olabilir.
Modallar yapı olarak üç şekilde ifade edilirler:

a) modal + v1 = present modal

b) modal+ be Ving = continuous modal
c) modal+ have v3 = perfect modal
POSSIBILITY

 “may-might-could +v1/be likely to+v1” ifadeleri olasılık bildirmek için kullanılır:

a. He may be a police officier.
b. She could be there, I don’t have an idea.
c. He might not be guilty.
d. Efe could be ill.
e. They might study in the school library.
f. The project may face delays due to unexpected issues.
g. If we leave now, we might catch the last bus.
h. With better planning, we could achieve better results.
i. She is likely to win the competition with her current performance.
j. This medication can help reduce the symptoms.
 Ability:
• Yeteneklerimizi ifade ederken şuan da yapabildiklerimizi ifade etmek için ”can/be able
to” kullanılır; geçmişteki yeteneklerimizi ifade etmek için “could/was-were able to”
kullanılır ve gelecekteki yeteneklerimizi ifade etmek için “will be able to” kullanılır:

a) I can speak Spanish and French apart from English but I cannot speak Chinese.
b) Can you hold your breath underwater for a minute.
c) When he left school at 16, he couldn’t read or write but now he is able to read and write.
d) They will be able to use a plane when they become a pilot.
e) My grandfather was late, but he was able to enter the plane.
f) He wasn’t able to write a poem when he was a young boy.
g) Where is she able to drive the car?
h) Will you be able to buy that car?
• “be able to+v1” ifadesi bütün tense ve modallarla çekimlenebilir. Geçmişte bir şeyi
genel olarak yapabilme durumundan söz ediliyorsa “could”; fakat cümlede zor olan bir
durumu yapabilmekten bahsediliyorsa “was/were able to” kullanılır.

 The our team was able to win the match yesterday because football players wanted to win.
(Burada dünkü maç bir seferliğe mahsus olduğu için was able to kullanılır.)
OBLIGATION/NECESSITY:
• “must”, “have to”, ”need to”, “be obliged to” ; zorunluluk ve gereklilik ifade etmek
için kullanılır:

 You have to obey classroom rules if you don’t want to get into trouble with me.
 Do you need to get up early tomorrow?
 If a man was obliged to go from one city to another, he often rode an horseback.
 Do you have to get up early tomorrow?
 I’ll have to get up early tomorrow.
 You must brush your teeth before you go to bed.
• must/have to ifadelerinin past hali “had to” dur:
At one time people had to walk long distances on the foot, but now they
don’t need to do so.
He had to retire due to ill health.
Our car broke down and we had to push it off the road.
We had to face up to the harsh realities of life sooner or later.
LACK OF OBLIGATION/NECESSITY:
• “don’t/doesn’t have to/didn’t have to” zorunluluk olmadığını ifade etmek için
kullanılır:

• You don’t have to shout, he already hears you.

• She doesn't have to work at weekends.
• It doesn't have to land you in trouble.
• Money borrowed from a pawnbroker did not have to be repaid for fifteen months.
• You did not have to be a clairvoyant to see that the war would go on.
 “don’t/doesn’t need to, needn’t, didn’t need to” ifadeleri zorunluluk
olmadığını veya gereksizlik ifade ederken kullanılır:
You needn’t explain anything to me, I know all the rules.
You don’t need to turn off the TV, because it will go into sleep mode soon.
I didn’t need to do my homeworks, for I had already done it.
Anyone who does consistently good work doesn't need to worry about
occasionally goofing off on the job.
She didn't need to pretend it was all so mysterious.
Most of the children knew their lines so the director didn't need to prompt very
much.
 UNUTMA; didn’t need to eylemin yapılmasına gerek olmadığını bu sebepten ötürü de
zaten yapılmadığını belirtmek için kullanılır
 PROHIBITION:
• Yasaklama ifade ederken “mustn’t/be allowed to” kullanılır. “cannot” ifadesi de
yasaklama bildirir; fakat genel anlamda “cannot” ifadesi genel olarak “imkansızlık”
bildirmek için kullanılır:

 Students must not copy their homework from Internet, so it is not a good behaivour.
 Friends are like fiddle-strings, they must not be screwed too tight.
 You must not overplay his part in the negotiations.
 You are not allowed to violate the rules.
 The couple wasn't allowed to see each other after their arrests.
 I wasn’t allowed to stay there when I was a child.
 They weren’t allowed to play there because it was a crowded street.
• Çok güçlü bir öğüt ifade ederken de “mustn’t“ kullanılır:
• You mustn't work so hard. You'll be ill.
• She mustn't come home alone at that time of night. The streets aren't safe.
ADVICE:
• “Should, ought to ve had better” öğüt bildirirken kullanılır:
• “must” ifadesi de tavsiye bildirmek için kullanılır:

 To make good use of life; one should have in youth the experience of advanced
years, and in old age the vigor of youth.
 These notes must be carefully filed away for future reference.
 I feel that we ought to accept his proposal.
 He did not know how he ought to behave.
• “had better", yapmamız gereken işi yapmadığımız takdirde kötü şeyler
olacağını vurgulamak için kullanılır:

 You had better refrigerate the beer before drinking it.

 You had better reckon without me, as I am not sure whether I shall be able to come.
 You had better get professional advice before buying stocks.
• Yapılmaması gereken şeyleri öğütlerken “should not, ought not to, had
better not” :

• The specialist suggested that children should not eat too much sugar.
• Children ought not to be allowed to watch violent movies .
• If your sight is poor, you had better not drive a car.
Expectation:
• “be to” ve “be supposed to” bir programa göre, bir programa göre olması
beklenen şeyi ifade etmek için yani “beklenti” bildirmek için kullanılır:

• We are all supposed to attend the wedding, so we had better hurry up, or, we’ll be late.
• Journalists are supposed to be politically neutral.
• A driver is not supposed to flash his lights at the coming vehicles.
• Shopkeepers are not supposed to sell knives and other sharp implements to children.

(“be supposed to”, “should” ile yakın anlamlıdır, fakat be supposed to

genellikle dışarıdan bir beklentiyi ifade etmek için tercih edilir.)
• “be to” anlam olarak “must” ile yakın bir anlama sahiptir, “be not to” ise
anlam olarak “musn’t” ile aynı anlama sahiptir:

• I am to attend the meeting tomorrow because my mentor ordered it so.

• She is to turn in her homework by tomorrow morning.
• Drivers are not to exceed 120 km/h.
• Children are not to leave the school yard without permission.
• was/were supposed to geçmişte bir beklentinin çeşitli sebeplerden ötürü
gerçekleşmediğini ifade etmek için kullanılır:
 She was supposed to go to that party with me, but she blew me out.
 Many years were to pass before we crossed our path again.

• “was/were to v0” yapısı yapacaktım ve yaptım anlamı vermek istediğimizde

kullanılır:
 I had to attend the meeting, because I was to explain the details to the committee.
 Anna was to send all the letters yesterday.
 Habitual Activities:
• "Be used to + Ving / Noun Phrase": -e alışkın olmak
• "Be accustomed to + Ving / Noun Phrase":-e alışkın olmak Kişinin bir şeye ya da bir
duruma alışık olduğunu belirtir. Burada "to" bir edat olarak kullanılır, bu nedenle sonrasında ya bir fiilin -ing hali
(gerund) ya da bir isim tamlaması (noun phrase) gelir:
 She is used to living in a big city.
 They are used to the cold weather in their country.
 He is accustomed to eating spicy food.
 I was used to waking up early when I was a student.
 We will be used to the new rules soon.
 They will be accustomed to the cold weather after a few weeks.
 We were used to working long hours in our old job.
 She is accustomed to the busy lifestyle in New York.
• "Get used to + Ving / Noun Phrase": -e alışmak
• "Get accustommed to + Ving / Noun Phrase": -e alışmak
"get used to" ve "get accustomed to" yapıları, bir kişinin yeni bir duruma ya da
alışkanlığa alışma sürecini ifade eder. Bu yapılar, bir eylemin veya durumun başlarda yeni, zor ya
da tuhaf olduğu, ancak zamanla buna alışılacağını belirtir:
 I am getting used to waking up early for work.
 They will get used to living in a small town soon.
 He gets accustomed to working in different environments quickly.
 We got accustomed to the new rules eventually.
 I was getting used to my new job when I had to move.
 She has gotten accustomed to using the new software.
Habitual Past:
• “used to” ve “would” ifadeleri geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı ifade etmek
için kullanılır: "would" sadece eylem bildiren fiillerle (action verbs)
kullanılır:

 She used to/would sing beautiful folk songs when she was in primary school.
 I used to swim every day when I was a child.
 My little brother didn’t use to/used not to eat fish when he was in primary school.
 He was a very clever boy. He used to understand even the most complex structures
easily.
• “be used to”; “get used to” ; “be accustomed to” ve “get accustomed to”
yapıları da bir şeye alışkın olmak anlamında kullanılır. Tüm zamanlarla
çekimlenebilirler; artlarından ving/noun yapılar gelir:

 People who come from İstanbul are accustomed to the traffic.

 After a while you get used to living alone.
• Permission:
can
could İzin alırken kullanılırlar, izin verirken ise “can-may”ifadeleri tercih edilir:
may

A: Can I put my shoes here?

B: You can’t put your shoes there.

A: Can I make a suggestion? B: Of course.

A: Could I ask you something?

B: Customers may request a refund within a period of 30 days.
Request:
 Can
 Could Bu ifadeler istekte bulunurken kullanılır:
 Will
 Would

 Can I use your phone? Mine has no charge.

 Could you open the window? Here is so hot.
 Will/would you repeat what you said? I didn’t understand it.
Do you mind if I v1/ Would you mind if I v2 : (…yapmamın sakıncası var mı?) :
 Do you mind if I smoke here?
 Would you mind if I used your phone for a few minutes?

Do you mind Ving?/ Would you mind Ving? (…yapmanızın bir sakıncası var mı?)
 Would you mind sharing your flat with me for a few days?
 Do you mind waiting here for a moment?
 Would you mind turning off the lights?
 Would you mind closing the door, please?
 Preferences:
a) “would rather/would sooner + v0” ; “would prefer to v0” :
I would rather/sooner drink coffee right now.
I would rather read a book than play games all day.
I would rather be travelling in Europe right now.
I would prefer to be traveling in Europe right now.

b) ‘prefer’ fiili genel olarak tercihlerimizi ifade ederken kullanılır:

I prefer watching series on the Internet.
I prefer winter to summer.
I prefer reading to swimming.
I prefer to watch tomorrow night’s theatre in the front of row. (spesifik bir durum.)
c) “would rather/would sooner” + Subject + v2 ; “would prefer + object
pronoun + to v1” başkasının bir şey yapmasını tercih ederken kullanılır:

 He sends my newspaper every morning at 11. I’d rather sooner he left it at 9.

 They’d prefer us to come later.
 We would rather they didn’t come to the meeting.
 They would sooner you took the bus instead of driving.
 She would prefer him to finish his homework before going out.
 He would prefer you to explain the situation clearly.
 PERFECT MODALS

selcukhocay
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selcukhocay
“must have v3” geçmişe dair bir kanıta, bir veriye dayalı olumlu çıkarımlar
yapmak için kullanılır:

 Last night, I didn’t see him in the library, he must have studied at home.
 He still hasn’t paid the money to me, he must have forgotten.
 We must have been burgled while we were asleep.
 They must have finished the project by now.
 We must have missed the last bus, so we'll either need to walk home or call a taxi.
 “cannot have v3/could not have v3” geçmişe dair olumsuz çıkarımlar
yapmak için kullanılır: -mış olamaz

 You cannot have read the book. It is a book that has banned for years. (okumuş olamazsın.)
 You could not have taken your sleep; you feel very sleepy.
 We can’t have been late. The meeting was going to start at 10.
 They couldn't have finished the project so quickly; it's too complex.
 He can't have left already, it's too early.
 You can't have heard him correctly; that doesn't make any sense.
“may/might/could have v3”: “-mış olabilir” şeklinde geçmişe yönelik
düşük olasılıklardan bahsederken kullanılır:

 You may have lost your key in the pub last night.
 The students may/might/could have done it again.
 He may have seen us, but he didn’t say anything.
 I forgot to lock the car last night. Someone could have stolen it.
 They might have forgotten about the meeting.
 They might not have done their homework.
 My mother may not have heard the phone.
“could have v3” geçmişte genellikle kaçırılan bir fırsatı ifade ederken
“yapabilirdi ama yapmadı” anlamıyla kullanılır:
• They could have won the race, but they didn’t try hard enough.
• I could have learned Spanish at university but I preferred to learn English.

“could not have v3” yapısı istese de yapamazdı anlamı vermek için
kullanılır:
• I didn’t have a smart phone when I was in high school, so I couldn’t have used online
dictinoary.
• They couldn’t have found here because nobody knew except me.
“should/ought to have v3”: “yapman gerekirdi ama yapmadın”
“should not/ought not to have v3”: “yapmamılıydın ama yaptın” eleştiri ve
pişmanlık ifade etmek için kullanılır:

 I got really wet walking home last night, I should have taken an umbrella.
 They should have paid the electiricity bill. They are in the dark now.
 My students should have studied hard. They failed.
 She shouldn’t have answered the phone. Her boyfriend upset her.
 They shouldn’t have gone there. Nobody had invited them.
 We should have left the house earlier to avoid traffic.
“would have v3” geçmişte yapacaktık ama yapamadık anlamı vermek için
kullanılır:
 If it weren’t for the bad weather yesterday, we would have gone on a picnic.
 My daughter would have become a teacher if she had gone to university.
 They would have invited you if they had known you were in town.
 They would have come to the party, but they were too tired.

“wouldn’t have v3” yapmazdım ama yaptım demek için kullanılır:

 If you'd told me that, I wouldn't have received you.
 Absolutely, or I wouldn't have written the book.
 They wouldn't have left so early if the weather had been better.
 I wouldn't have bought that expensive dress if I had known about the sale.
“needn’t have v3” yapısı geçmişte yapılan bir şeyin gerekli olmadığı ama
gerçekleştiği durumlarda kullanılır:

• He came right after you left to look for him, so you needn’t have gone.
• He needn’t have helped me. I could do it on my own.
• It was sunny, I needn’t have taken an umbrella.
• She needn't have worried about the exam; she passed with flying colors.
• He needn't have stayed up late; the meeting was canceled.
"would rather have + V3" ve "would sooner have + V3" yapıları, geçmişte
farklı bir tercih yapılmasını ifade etmek için kullanılır. Bu yapılar, geçmişte
bir olayın ya da eylemin farklı bir şekilde gerçekleşmesini tercih ettiğimizde
kullanılır.

 I would rather have stayed at home than gone to that boring party.
 He would sooner have told the truth than lied to his parents.
 They would sooner have left early than stayed for the whole event.
 I would rather have taken that job than stayed in my old one.
 "would rather/sooner + Subject + had + V3" ve "Would prefer + object pronoun + to have +
V3" yapıları, başkalarının geçmişte yapmış olduğu eylemlerle ilgili bir tercih ifade
etmek için kullanılır. Her iki yapı da başkalarının geçmişte farklı bir şekilde
davranmalarını ya da farklı bir şey yapmalarını tercih ettiğimiz anlamını taşır:

 She would sooner they had left earlier.

 We would rather you had called us before coming.
 He would sooner you had not brought so many people to the party.
 They would prefer him to have studied harder for the exam.
 We would prefer you to have asked for help rather than doing it alone.