UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

UNIT - 3
Related CO’s : R19C404.3
CO Statement :Choose a suitable motor for electric drives and
industrial applications.
Related PO’s : PO1,2,3,5,6,11 & 12 Related PSO’s: PSO1,2
P.T.Krishna Sai
Assistant Professor
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
 UNIT-III
SELECTION OF MOTORS

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 UNIT-I
SELECTION OF MOTORS

JNTUK SYLLABUS: Choice of motor, type of electric drives, starting and running characteristics–Speed control–
Temperature rise–Applications of electric drives–Types of industrial loads–continuous– Intermittent and
variable loads–Load equalization.

TEXT BOOKS:
1) Utilization of Electric Energy – by E. Openshaw Taylor, Orient Longman.
2) Art & Science of Utilization of electrical Energy – by Partab, DhanpatRai& Sons.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
3)Utilization of Electrical Power including Electric drives and Electric traction – by N.V.Suryanarayana,
New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers, 1996.
4)Generation, Distribution and Utilization of electrical Energy – by C.L. Wadhwa, New Age
International (P) Limited, Publishers, 1997.
5)WEBSITES:
www.ieee.orgwww.ieee.org, www.iitm.ac.in,

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 Introduction
Drive : The combination of prime mover, transmission equipment and mechanical load is a drive.

Drive

Conventional Drive Electric Drive

Components: Components:
1.Prime Mover (I/C Engine) 1.Prime Mover (Electric Motor with
2.Transmission Equipment controlling Device)
3.Mechanical Load 2.Transmission Equipment
3.Mechanical Load

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ELECTRICAL DRIVE
Applications
• Paper mills
• Cement Mills
• Textile mills
• Sugar Mills
• Steel Mills
• Electric Traction
• Petrochemical Industries
• Electrical Vehicles
 FACTORS GOVERNING SELECTION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
⦿ Nature of supply ⦿ Nature of drive
◼ Ac supply
◼Individual drive
◼ Dc supply
◼Group drive multi drive
◼ Rectified ac supply
⦿ Electrical characteristics
◼ Starting characteristics ⦿ Size and rating of
◼ Running characteristics motor
◼ Speed control CHOICE ◼Depending upon load
◼ Braking characteristics OF cycle
⦿ Mechanical ◼Depending upon over
characteristics
MOTOR load capacity
◼ Type of encloser
◼ Method of power ⦿ Cost
transmission
◼ Type of bearing ◼Capital cost
◼ Type of cooling ◼Running cost
◼ Noise level
 Nature of Supply

A.C
3- ø
Pure DC or Rectified DC
DC Series Motor 1-ø Motors
DC Shunt Motor Squirrel cage Motors
DC Compound Motor Slip ring Motor
Scharge Motor

Pure DC Waveform 1- ø AC Waveform

3- ø AC Waveform
Rectified or modulated DC
Waveform
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 NATURE OF THE ELECTRIC SUPPLY
• The electric supply available may be 3-phase a.c. or single phase a.c. or d.c.
• In case of three phase a.c. supply is available, polyphase induction motors, squirrel cage type for small ratings and slip ring type
for higher ratings may be used.
• In case where speed variation is required these cannot be used, so pole changing motors or motors with stepped pulleys may be
used.
• Where accurate control of speed is required, Schrage motors may be used.
• Use of single phase motors is limited to small loads only because of their limited outputs.
• D.C. motors are not used so widely as a.c. motors. There are several reasons for this, some of those reasons are given below.
1. Additional equipment is required for converting existing a.c. supply into d.c. supply.
2. D.C. motors have commutators that are subject to trouble and resulting in sparking, brush wear,
arc over and the presence of moisture and destructive fumes in the surrounding air.
3. D.C. motors are generally more expensive than a.c. machines for similar working conditions.
• In some cases, such as in electric excavators, steel mills and cranes the speed control is important so dc supply is used by
converting a.c. supply in to d.c. supply.
 Classification of Electric Drive Based on Nature of Supply

AC Drive D C Drive

A C Drive D C Drive
No commutator problems. Commutator makes motor bulky and heavy.
Cheap motor particularly squirrel cage type. Costly
Speed and design rating have no upper limits. The highest speed and design rating are limited due to
commutation.
It requires less maintenance. Commutator require frequent maintenance.
Speed control depends upon the type of method. Solid state Fast response and wide speed range smooth control
control provides wide range, with conventional methods it is
limited.

Large power/weight ratio. Small power/weight ratio.

Solid state converters employed also decides the cost Wide speed range, smooth control

Used in almost all locations. Sparking at brushes makes it environmentally unsuitable for
certain location.
More reliable. Less reliable.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL DRIVE

Group drive Individual drive Multi motor drive

• Group drive •The group drive is a drive in which a single electric
motor drives the group of working machines.
• It comprises of a single lengthy shaft, to the shaft
the different working machines are attached by
means of pulleys and conveyor belts.
•Sometimes group drive is also known as LINE
SHAFT DRIVE.
•Group drive is often used in industries where
successive operations are required like car
manufacturing industries e.t.c.
• Individual drive

• In individual drive a single electric motor is

used to drive one individual machine. i.e in
individual drive each working machine has the
individual main machine.

• Example: single-spindle drilling machines

and various types of electrical hand tools and
simple types of metal working tools

∙Full control and desired operation of each

machine is obtained because of different machines
are driven with their respective individual drive.
• Multimotor drive • In this drive, each motor is provided in
order to drive different actuating parts in single
equipment. For example in the single crane,
three motors is used.
• One is for hoisting, another is for travelling
motion and the third one is for cross travel
motion.
• The Same motor cannot do all work
efficiently so the separate motor is provided.
• Other examples of the use of multi motor
drive are metal cutting machine tools, paper
making machines, rolling mills, rotary printing
machines.
• The use of multi motor has also introduced
the concept of automation in production. The
problems arise in individual drive is overcome
by this drive.
Comparison Between Group Drive and
Individual Drive

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 NATURE OF THE LOAD
The loads may be divided according to the speed-torque characteristics
in to the following categories. 3
• Loads required constant torque at all speeds, as shown by the
1
horizontal line 1 in the following figure. Such loads are cranes during
hoisting, hoist winches, machine tool feed mechanisms, in piston
2
pump operating against the pressure head.
• Loads requiring torque which may increase is direct proportion to the
speed as shown by straight line 2 in figure.
• Loads requiring torque, which may increase with the square of speedLoad
as shown by the curve 3 in the above figure. Such loads are blowers, Torque
fans, centrifugal pumps, ship propellers etc.
• Loads requiring torque which may decrease with the increase in the 4
speed as shown by the curve 4 in the above figure. Boring machines,
milling machines and other types of metal cutting machines are
examples of such loads
Speed
Types of Loads
The various. types of loads that occur in industrial practice can be classified depending upon their variation with time
and duty cycle, which are specified by the load diagram

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 Classification of Loads with respect to time

1.Continuous constant
2.Continuous variable
loads: The load on the 5.Short time intermittent 6.Short time loads: The
loads : The load on the 3.Pulsating loads: Certain 4.Impact loads: The load
motor remains same for a loads: The load on the load on the motor remain
motor varies continuously types of loads exhibit a on the motor increases to a
longer time. motor occurs periodically constant and occurs for a
over a period of time, but torque behavior which can maximum level suddenly,
occurs repetitively for a be thought of as a constant in identical duly short time and then remain
Ex: Fans and pumps, This peak loads occur at
longer duration. torque superimposed by cycle, each consisting of a idle or off for a
regular intervals of time,
pulsations. period of application of sufficiently long time,
Motors driving these loads
Ex: Conveyors, metal load and rest.
are equipped with fly
cutting lathes, hoist winches Ex: Compressors, wheels for load Example: Mixies, battery
etc. reciprocating pumps, frame Ex: Excavators, cranes, chargers and most of the
equalisation .
saws, textile looms and all roller trains, hoisting household equipments,
loads having crank-shafts. mechanisms etc.
Ex: Forging hammers,
rolling mills) shearing
machines, presses etc.

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 Classification of Loads with respect to Duty Cycle

1.Continuous Duty Loads 2.Short Time Duty loads 3.Intermittent Duty Cycle loads

Continuous duty at
constant load Continuous duty with
variable load cycle

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 Electrical characteristics

Running Or Operating
Starting characteristics Speed Control characteristics
characteristics

Starting Characteristics:
• The study of starting characteristics of a motor is essential to know whether the starting torque that the motor is
capable of
developing is sufficient to start and accelerate the motor. The torque for accelerating depends upon the load torque.
• The loads which are usually met with may be divided according to accelerating torque requirements into the
following categories:
1.Load requiring very small accelerating torque in comparison with full load torque such as when the motor is to be
run light.
2.Load requiring the torque which may increase with speed and it may be proportional to (speed) 2 as in case of fan.
3.Load having constant load torque at all speeds in case of lifts.
4.When the motors have to start and accelerate against full load torque and in addition to accelerate since some heavy
moving parts as in case of rolling mills.

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 Electrical characteristics

Running Or Operating
Starting characteristics Speed Control characteristics
characteristics

Running Characteristics Or Operating Characteristics:

• While studying electrical behavior of a machine under normal operating conditions, the speed-torque characteristic,
speed-current characteristic, and torque-current characteristic, losses, efficiency, magnetizing current and power factor
at various loads are to be kept in the view.
• The last two factors i.e. magnetizing current and power factor are to be considered in case of A.C motors.

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 Electrical characteristics

Running Or Operating
Starting characteristics Speed Control characteristics
characteristics

Speed Control:

While selecting a motor for a particular drive special care has to be taken for the speed variations. If we consider the

entire range of loads out of which some loads may require constant speed drives, some may require smooth

variation on speed and some may require step changes in speed

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 1(a)Continuous Duty at Constant Load cycle
In this case the load torque remain constant for a sufficiently longer
period.

Selection of Motor:
While driving such type of load, the motor should have a rating
sufficient to drive it without exceeding the specified temperature.
The rating of the motor selected for this duty is called its continuous
rating. By continuous rating one means that it is the maximum Load
Ex: Centrifugal pumps, conveyors, that the motor can give continuously over a period of time, without
compressors, fans etc. exceeding the temperature limit. The motor so selected also should
be able to withstand momentary overload capacity. The temperature
rise of the motor is represented by dashed curve, This type of motors
will have high efficiency because they will be operating almost at its
full-load and also have good power factor.

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 2.Short Time Duty Loads

In this class of duty constant load occurs on the motor

for a short interval of time and then off for sufficiently
long time allowing the motor to cool down to ambient
temperature. Such load,occurs in mixies (house hold
appliances), some crane drives, opening and closing of
weirs, lock gates, bridges etc.

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3.Intermittent Duty or Periodic Intermittent Duty Loads
The load on the motor is a sequence of identical duty cycles as shown in the below figure. The motor is loaded for some time t on and shut

off for a period of toff .

Duty Cycle=(tstart+ ton+tbr)/( tstart+ ton+tbr + toff)

Duty Cycle =(ton / ton+ toff) Duty Cycle=(tstart+ ton)/( tstart+ ton+ toff)

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Load Equalization using Fly Wheel

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 LOAD EQUALIZATION
When the load is light, the flywheel accelerated and stored the excess
energy drawn from the supply. During the peak load, the flying wheel
decelerates and supply the stored energy to the load along with the
supply energy. Hence the power remains constant, and the load demand
is reduced.
Moment of inertia of the flying wheel required for load equalization is
calculated as follows. Consider the linear motor speed torque curve as
shown in the figure below.

Assumed the response of the motor is slow due to large inertia and
hence applicable for transient operation. Differentiate the equation
(1) and multiply both sides by J (moment of inertia).

Fig: Motor torque, load torque, and speed variations against time
 LOAD EQUALIZATION
Where Τm is the mechanical time constant of the motor. It is the time required for the motor speed to change by (ω m0 – ωm) when
motor torque is maintained constant at rated value ᴛ r. From equation(2) and (3)

Consider a periodic load torque a cycle which consists of one high load period with torque T lh and duration the, and one light load
period with torque Tll and duration tl

Where Tmin is the motor torque at t = 0 which is also the instant when heavy load T lh is applied. If motor torque at the end of heavy
load period is Tmax, then from the equation (6)

Solution of equation (5) for the light load period with the initial motor torque equal to T max is

where t‘ = t – th
 LOAD EQUALIZATION
When operating at steady state the motor torque at the end of a cycle will be the same as at the beginning of a cycle.
Hence at t’ = tl, T = tmin. Substituting in equation (8) give

From equation (7)

From equation (4) and (10)

Also from equation (9)

 LOAD EQUALIZATION
From equation (4) and (11)

Moment of inertia of the flywheel required can be calculated either from equation(11) and (12)

Where W is the weight of the wheel (Kg), and R is the radius (m).
 MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS
(a) Type of enclosures

Totally Enclosed
Open Drip Proof
Fan Cooled (TEFC)
(ODP)

Type of enclosures

Totally Enclosed
Non-Ventilated Explosion Proof
(TENV) (XP)
 Protected or Screen Protected
Open type type Drip Proof type
Guarded type

Type of Enclosures Splash Proof type

Weather Proof
type Enclosure

Pipe Ventilated Totally Enclosed

type type

Flame Proof type

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(b) Type of bearings: Types of Bearings

Sliding Contact/
Rolling Contact Bearing
Plain Bearing
(Anti-friction Bearing)
(Friction Bearing)

Right Line or Guide

Journal bearing Thrust Bearing Ball Bearing Roller bearing
Bearing

Pivot or Sleep Bearing Collar bearing

Radial Bearing Thrust bearing

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Sliding Contact Bearings

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Rolling Contact Bearings

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 Types of Mountings

Body Turned Mounting

Foot Mounting type Ceiling Mounting Type Wall Mounting Type Flange Mounting Type Cradle Mounting Type
Type

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Noise
• Noise is a sort of disturbance, which pollutes the atmosphere.
• Noise may be either mechanical or electrical. Extreme silence is of course necessary in motors for domestic
purposes, in hospitals, theaters & other similar situations. Even for industrial purposes reduction of motor
noise is often desirable.
• Below table shows the source of noise & methods to reduce the same.

S No Sources of noise Methods to reduce the noise

1 Resonance By using rubber pads or springs
2 Vibration of lamination By riveting the laminations tightly
3 Magnetic pulsations By providing exact no. of slots
4 Worn out bearings By replacing with new one
5 Non-greasy bearings By lubricating properly
6 Loose fittings Tighten properly

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 Types of Transmission Drive

The mechanical power developed by the motor is available at the shaft. This power has to be transmitted to the

machine or load

The power transmission is classified into 2 types.

1.Direct transmission 2. Indirect transmission

•Belt drive
In direct power transmission, the power is
transmitted to the load by means of fixed •V-belt drive
coupling or flexible coupling. This drive
has high efficiency •Rope drive

•Chain drive

•Gear drive

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 MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS
•Heating and cooling time constants:

Heating curve Cooling curve

Derivation
Standard Motor ratings

1. Continuous Rating: The output, which a motor can give continuously without
exceeding the temperature beyond the specified limit. A continuously rated motor
can also give 25% overload for 2 hours.
2. Continuous Maximum Rating: It is similar to continuous rating without
permitting any overload. It is used only for motors larger than 1.5 kW.

3. Short Time Rating: The output, which a motor can give for a specified period
say 15 minute, 30 minute, I hour etc., without exceeding the specified
temperature rise, the motor being assumed to start from cold.

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 CALCULATION METHODS FOR RATING OF MOTOR

1. Equivalent current method 2. Equivalent torque method 3. Equivalent power

method.

Fig. Load cycle for Fig. Load cycle for Fig. Load cycle for
equivalent current method equivalent torque method equivalent power method
 Selection of Motor:
A motor of rating equal to constant load in the load cycle would prove uneconomical
because it would have excess heating capacity. A motor of smaller capacity (slightly
less than constant load)would be sufficient due to rest periods in between successive
loadings, during which the machine has an opportunity to cool.

For this intermittent classes of duty where starting and braking periods are there, the
motor selection should take these into considerations. Then, the motor rating will be
very nearly equal to the constant load in the load cycle.

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ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS
• An energy efficient motor (EEM) is a motor that gives you the same
output strength by consuming lesser amounts of power. EEM is
manufactured using the same frame as a standard motor, but they
have some differences:
• 1. Higher quality and thinner steel laminations in the stator
• 2. more copper in the winding
• 3. Optimized air gap between the rotor and the stator
• 4. Reduced fan losses
• 5. Closer machining tolerances
• 6. High quality aluminum used in rotor frame
 STANDARD MOTOR EFFICIENCY
• Standard motor efficiency is the ratio of mechanical power delivered by the
motor(output) to the electrical power supplied to the motor (input).
% Efficiency = (Mechanical power output/Electrical power input) x 100%

• EEM utilizes improved motor design and high-quality materials to reduce

motor losses, therefore improving motor efficiency.
• A standard motor is a compromise between efficiency, endurance,
starting torque, and initial cost. Standard motor generally competes
on price, not efficiency. On the contrary, EEM competes on efficiency,
not price. Shortly, EEM is needed
• a) When there is a new installation or modification to your plant.
• b) When old motors are damaged and need rewinding.
• c) When existing motors are unde rloaded or overloaded.
• d) While protecting other devices.
 WAYS OF IMPROVING EFFICIENCY
The various ways of improving efficiency includes:
• a) Reduction of iron losses
• b) Reduction of flux density
• c) Usage of low loss magnetic material
• d) Reduction of stator and rotor copper losses
• e) Increasing the copper section i.e., the stator slot area or rotor bar section
• f) Increasing stator yoke
• g) Reducing rotor diameter
• h) Increasing the speed of starting current
• i) Reducing the starting torque
• j) Increasing core length for maintaining the starting torque
• k) Increasing the thickness of the copper wires wound around the
core of the motor. This reduces both the electrical resistance losses in
the wires and the temperature at which the motor operates.
• l) Using more and thinner high-quality steel sheets for the main fixed
and rotating parts of the motor. This also minimizes electrical losses.
• m) Narrowing the air gap between the spinning and stationary motor
components, the strength of its magnetic field. This lets the motor
deliver the same output using less power.
Construction of EEM
Previous University Questions
Short Answer Questions :
• Distinguish between continuous, Intermittent and variable loads.
• List the disadvantages of Group drives.
• What is an Electric Drive and give its uses.
• What is meant by load equalization? Explain how this is achieved in electrical industry.
• Define (i) Heating time constant (ii) Cooling time constant
• List the advantages of Individual drives.
• List out types of electric drives with brief explanation of each.
• List the applications of DC Drives.
• List the types of motors used for Electric Drive.
• List the advantages and disadvantages of Electric drive
• State and explain about Electric Drive.

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Previous University Questions
Long Answer Questions :
• What are the different types of loads and Explain how they are categorized?
• Explain the term “Load Equalization” and give its significance and its role in Electric drives.
• Explain the significance of heating and cooling curves of Electrical Machines used in Electric Drives.
• Explain how Electric drives are classified and illustrate them with their relative merits and demerits.
• Draw and explain the performance curves of DC Series motor and where they are used?
• State the important factors on which the selection of Electric Drives depends?
• Explain about the different speed torque characteristics of different machines and give their utility in selection for
Industrial loads.
• List out and explain various speed control methods of 3-phase Induction motors.
• What is mean by “Individual drive” and “Group drive” explains their relative merits and demerits?
• Through AC is superior to DC for electric drives, sometimes DC is preferred. Give the reasons and mention some of
the applications.
• State and explain the different factors that affect the selection of a motor for Industrial applications.
• Derive an expression for temperature rise of an electrical machine. State the assumptions made.
• Explain the terms “Heating time constant” and “Cooling time constant” and also explain why cooling time constant is
usually greater than heating time constant.

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