Kyambogo university

AYEBAZIBWE BENSON 20/U/EMD/12469/GV

NYESIGA RAYMOD 20/U/EMD/7927/PD
TINO SARAH RUTH 21/U/EMD/16896/PD
MALINGA NATHAN 20/U/EMD//GV
AJOK WINNIEFRED 20/U/EMD/12429/GV
SSENKAYI PAUL 20/U/EMD//PD
AKOKO 20/U/EMD//GV
 Hydraulic motors
• These are devices used to convert a fluids kinetic or potential energy into
mechanical energy.
• It is a mechanical actuator that converts hydraulic pressure and flow into
torque and the angular displacement.
• Actuators are devices used to convert pressure energy of the fluid into
mechanical energy.
Hydraulic motors can be applied directly to the work. They provide excellent
control for acceleration, operating speed, deceleration, smooth reversals and
positioning. They also provide flexibility in design and eliminate much of bulk
and weight of mechanical and electrical power transmission. The applications
of hydraulic motors in their various combinations with pumping units are
termed hydrostatic transmission.
Applications of hydraulic motors.
Hydraulic motors are applied in the following;
• Used in industries in conveyors, roller mills, crane drives, lifts,
self driven canes, excavates and others.
• They are used in automobiles such as excavators, cranes.
• Used in agricultural machinery such as harvesters.
• Used in railway locomotives
• Used in winches of ships or boats
Some of the applications are shown in the figure
below
Characteristics of hydraulic
motors.
• Their maximum rotational speed; since hydraulic motors are
volumetric devices, their speed will be more or less proportional
to the adequate flow ate capacity.
• Their maximum operating pressure
• Their displacement, which can be fixed or variable;
displacement is the quantity of oil the motor must be supplied
with to achieve one shaft evolution.
• Their constant and peak power. Two types of power i.e. power
absorbed and power supplied by the hydraulic motor
 Classifications of hydraulic motors
Hydraulic motors are classified according to two classes namely.
• low speed and high toque
• high speed low toque motors.

There are basically thee types of hydraulic motors based on their configuration.
• Vane motors,
• Gear motor
• piston motors.

Gear motors are the least efficient, most dirt-tolerant and have the lowest pressure rating of 3. Piston
motors are the most efficient, least dirt-tolerant and have high pressure ratings.
Vane and piston motors can be fixed or variable displacement, but gear motors are available with only
fixed displacement.
 Low speed high torque motors high torque
low RPM (revs per minute)
• These are designed to cater for heavy loads and equipment moving at a slower
speed
• characterized by speeds ranging from (0.1-1000)rpm.
• are used in environments and systems where the machinery is supposed to lift
considerable weight in an environment that is smooth, controlled, and safe.
• Their low speeds ensure that the heavy objects are controlled and will follow a
path of motion precisely. Are used in today’s workplaces and industries such as
public buildings, aircraft, conveyors, robotic feeding mechanisms and
manipulators
 Low speed high torque motors
They are sometimes called high toque low rpm and are designed to cater for
heavy loads and equipment moving at slower speeds. They provide high
toque or power which operates at slow speed.
Some of its applications include moving of gates, doors, lifts etc.
 advantages of using low-speed high torque
• There is low audible noise
• There is no maintenance related to the lubrication of the motors
• The operation of the motor is backlash-free
• They have improved accuracy of positioning
• LSHT motors are considered dynamic because they allow load reversals
that do not damage other components of the motor.
 High Speed Low Torque Motors

• High-speed low torque (HSLT) hydraulic motors are sometimes referred to as high
revs per minute (RPM) motors are designed to operate at high speeds ranging
from 1 000 rpm to 14 000 rpm.
• They are used when the load is light because they have a low torque range. They
can be used for applications in the utility, earthmoving, forestry, material handling
• advantages of using high-speed low torque
• High power factor
• Higher efficiency when compared to low-speed motors
 Gear types
• These are divided into external gear and internal gear hydraulic motors
• A gear motor develops torque due to hydraulic pressure acting against the area of
one tooth. There are two teeth trying to move the rotor in the proper direction,
while one net tooth at the center mesh tries to move it in the opposite direction.
• the design of a gear motor, one of the gears is keyed to an output shaft, while the
other is simply an idler gear. Pressurized oil is sent to the inlet port of the motor.
Pressure is then applied to the gear teeth, causing the gears and output shaft to
rotate. The pressure builds until enough torque is generated to rotate the output
shaft against the load.
 Piston motors
• Piston motors are classified into the following types:
 According to the piston of the cylinder block and the drive shaft, piston motors
are classified as follows:
Axial piston motors.
Radial piston motors.
 According to the basis of displacement, piston motors are classified as follows:
Fixed-displacement piston motors.
Variable-displacement piston motors.
 Radial Piston Hydraulic Motors
• The pistons which are in contact with the track that is fixed and rotated by the rotor
produce a reciprocating motion with respect to the rotor. To keep the motor’s torque at
a constant rate, they usually install an odd number of cylinders.
• When the fluid that is pressurized by the pump, gets into the bores it presses the
pistons against the stator usually for half a revolution. In the following half revolution,
the fluid acting under pressure loading on the motor piston, the stator will exert stress
on the piston, and this will make the pistons and the rotor rotate. When this happens
the output shaft of the motor is driven.
• To drive construction and mobile equipment
• High-pressure operations
• Plastic processing machines on machines like presses
• Used in clamping hydraulics
 Axial Piston Hydraulic Motors / barrel
motors.
• They generate torque by pressure acting on the ends of pistons reciprocating inside a cylinder block
• Pressure acting on the ends of the piston generates a force against an angled swash plate. This
causes the cylinder block to rotate with a torque that is proportional to the area of the pistons. The
torque is also a function of the swashplate angle.
• The inline piston motor is designed either as a fixed- or a variable-displacement unit The direction
of rotation of the drive shaft is associated with the angle of inclination of the plate of the drive shaft
with respect to the axis on the barrel.
• In other assemblies which have axial pistons, they can change this inclination. If this axis can be
changed, it means that the speed can/will be varied for a constant rate of flow, and in this case, a
motor with two flow directions is created.
Axial Piston Hydraulic
Motors
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 Vane Hydraulic Motors
• Hydraulic motors operate by creating an imbalance due to pressure which results in the rotation of
the shaft. In vane motors, this imbalance is a result of the difference when the vane area is
exposed to hydraulic pressure. Vane motors have a hydraulic balance which prevents the rotor
from side loading the shaft.
• The pressure difference develops the torque as the oil from the pump is forced to go through the
motor.
• Because the fluid flowing through the inlet port finds more area of vanes exposed in the upper half
of the motor, it exerts more force on the upper vanes, and the rotor turns counterclockwise. Close
tolerances are maintained between the vanes and ring to provide high efficiencies.
• The features of vane hydraulic motors include: Low noise level, Friendly vertical installation,
Easy versatility, Low flow pulsation, Simple design, Medium pressure, High torque at low speeds
 Semi-Rotary Actuators
These are devices used to convert fluid energy
into a torque which turns through an angle limited
by the design of the actuator
. In single vane-type semi-rotary actuator consists
of a vane connected to an output shaft. When
hydraulic pressure is applied to one side of the
vane, it rotates. A stop prevents the vane from
rotating continuously. The rotation angle in the
case of a single-vane semi-rotary actuator is 315°.
 Two-Vane-Type Semi-Rotary
Actuator
• The advantage of this design is that
the torque output is increased
because the area subjected to
pressure is large. However, two-
vane models cannot rotate as many
degrees as can single-vane models.
It is limited to 100°. Passageways
are used to connect the different
chambers of the rotary actuator.
 Rack and Pinion Rotary
• This consists of a hydraulic
Actuator
cylinder with a rack and
pinion gear mechanism.
The rack gear on the piston
rod turns the pinion gear,
thereby converting the
linear motion of the piston
into rotary motion, which is
transmitted to the load
through the output shaft.
•
Chain and Sprocket Semi-
Rotary Actuator
 Performance parameters of hydraulic motors
The performance of hydraulic motors depends upon many factors such as precision
of their parts, tolerances between the mating parts, etc.. Friction between mating parts
affects the mechanical efficiency of a hydraulic motor. Gear motors typically have an
overall efficiency of 70–75% as compared to vane motors which have 75– 85% and
piston motors having 85–95%.
Pressure rating. It defines the motor strength and durability. The maximum pressure
that the hydraulic motor can withstand without failure or damage measured as bars.
The gear type motors have the lowest pressure rating.
 Performance parameters of hydraulic
motors
 Starting torque: The starting torque is the turning force the motor exerts from a dead stop. Dead stop is the
condition where a motors output shaft is prevented from rotating or is stationary against an external load.
 : Running torque is exerted when the motor is running and changes Running torque whenever there is a
change in fluid pressure.
 Stalling torque: Stalling torque is the torque necessary to stop the motor. In most hydraulic motors, the
stalling and starting torques are equal. Usually, starting torque is 75–80% of the maximum design torque
 Volumetric efficiency: The volumetric efficiency of a hydraulic motor is the ratio of theoretical flow rate to
actual flow rate required to achieve a particular speed. The motor uses more flow than the theoretical due to
leakage:
 Performance parameters of hydraulic
motors
• Mechanical efficiency: is the ratio of actual work done to the theoretical work
done per revolution. The output torque of a hydraulic motor is less than
theoretical torque due to mechanical friction between the mating parts:

Volumetric efficiency: is the ratio of theoretical flow rate to actual flow rate required to achieve a particular
speed. The motor uses more flow than the theoretical due to leakage:
 Overall efficiency
The overall efficiency of a motor is the ratio of output power to input power
of the motor. Output power is mechanical power output at the shaft and input
power is fluid energy supplied to the inlet of the hydraulic motor:
 Questions
• A hydraulic motor receives a flow rate of 72 LPM at a pressure of 12000
kPa. If the motor speed is 800 RPM, determine the actual torque delivered
by the motor assuming the efficiency 100%?
• A hydraulic motor has a 100 cm3 volumetric displacement. If it has a
pressure rating of 140 bar and receives oil from a 0.001 m 3 /s theoretical
flow rate pump, find the motor (a) speed, (b) theoretical torque, (c)
theoretical kW power.