Chapter 2:

Lesson 3:
 SETS
It is a collection of well-defined
objects.
A well-defined set‟ means that
it is possible to determine
whatever an object belongs to a
given set.
It is denoted by any capital
 SETS
We use the symbol (read as
“element of”) and also the
symbol (read as “is not an
element of”) to denote the
elements.
The elements are written inside
the braces { } and separated by
 TYPES
1. Empty Set:
OF SETS
•Definition: A set that contains no elements.
•Notation: ∅ or {}
•Examples:
• The set of all even prime numbers greater than 2.
• The set of all people who have visited the Moon.

2. Finite Set:
•Definition: A set that has a definite number of elements.
•Notation: A set enclosed in curly braces, e.g., {1, 2, 3}
•Examples:
• The set of letters in the word "apple".
• The set of planets in our solar system.
 TYPES
3. Infinite Set:
OF SETS
Definition: A set that has an unlimited number of elements.
Notation: A set enclosed in curly braces with an ellipsis, e.g., {1, 2, 3, ...}
Examples:
The set of all natural numbers.
The set of all real numbers between 0 and 1.

4. Singleton Set:
Definition: A set that contains only one element.
Notation: A set enclosed in curly braces with a single element, e.g., {10}
Examples:
{100}
{Earth}
 TYPES
5. Equal Sets:
OF SETS
Definition: Two sets are equal if they contain exactly the same elements.
Notation: A = B
Examples:
{1, 2, 3} and {3, 1, 2}
{apple, banana, orange} and {orange, apple, banana}

6. Equivalent Sets:
Definition: Two sets are equivalent if they have the same number of
elements.
Notation: A ≈ B
Examples:
{a, b, c} and {1, 2, 3}
{1, 2, 3} and {4, 5, 6}
7. Subset:
TYPES OF SETS
Definition: A set A is a subset of set B if every element in A is also in B.
Notation: A ⊆ B
Examples:
{1, 2} is a subset of {1, 2, 3}.
The set of vowels is a subset of the set of all letters.

8. Proper Subset:
Definition: A set A is a proper subset of set B if A is a subset of B and A
is not equal to B.
Notation: A ⊂ B
Examples:
{1, 2} is a proper subset of {1, 2, 3}.
The set of even numbers is a proper subset of the set of integers.
9. Power Set: TYPES OF SETS
Definition: The power set of a set A is the set of all subsets of A.
Notation: P(A)
Examples:
If A = {1, 2}, then P(A) = {{}, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}.
If A = {a, b, c}, then P(A) = {{}, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}}.
10. Universal Set:
Definition: The universal set contains all the elements under consideration in a
particular context.
Notation: U
Examples:
In a discussion about animals, the universal set might be all animals on Earth.
In a class about mathematics, the universal set might be all numbers.
 Operation on Sets
01Union:
•Definition: The union of two sets A and B is the set containing all elements that
are in A, in B, or in both.
•Notation: A ∪ B
•Examples:
• If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}, then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
• If A = {apple, banana, orange} and B = {banana, grape},
then A ∪ B = {apple, banana, orange, grape}.
• If A = {x | x is an even number} and B = {x | x is an odd number}, then A ∪ B
= {x | x is an integer}.
 Operation on Sets
Intersection:
02
•Definition: The intersection of two sets A and B is the set containing only the
elements that are in both A and B.
•Notation: A ∩ B
•Examples:
• If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}, then A ∩ B = {3}.
• If A = {apple, banana, orange} and B = {banana, grape}, then A ∩ B =
{banana}.
• If A = {x | x is an even number} and B = {x | x is an odd number},
then A ∩ B = {} (empty set).
 Operation on Sets
03
Difference:
•Definition: The difference of set A and set B (written A - B) is
the set containing all the elements that are in A but not in B.
•Notation: A - B
•Examples:
• If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}, then A - B = {1, 2}.
• If A = {apple, banana, orange} and B = {banana, grape},
then A - B = {apple, orange}.
• If A = {x | x is an even number} and B = {x | x is an odd
number}, then A - B = {x | x is an even number}.
 Operation on Sets
04
Complement:
•Definition: The complement of a set A (denoted A') is the set
containing all the elements in the universal set U that are not in A.
•Notation: A'
•Example:
• If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and A = {2, 4}, then A' = {1, 3, 5}.
 Operation on Sets
05
Cartesian Product
Definition: The Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted A × B, is the set of all ordered
pairs (a, b) where a ∈ A and b ∈ B. In simpler terms, it is the set of all possible combinations
of elements from A and B, where the order matters.
Notation: A × B
Examples:
1.Sets of numbers:
1.If A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}, then A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}.
2.Sets of letters:
1.If A = {a, b} and B = {x, y, z}, then A × B = {(a, x), (a, y), (a, z), (b, x), (b, y), (b, z)}.
3.Sets of colors:
1.If A = {red, blue} and B = {green, yellow}, then A × B = {(red, green), (red, yellow), (blue,
green), (blue, yellow)}.
Thank
You