2023-4A PS - WEEKLY SCHEDULE

• Session 1 (Oct 6): Course Introduction History,» in M. Kaldor ed HB of Global Sec • O Ramsbotham, «Peace Operations,» in
Policy, Wiley, 2014, pp. 482-504 M D Cavelty … pp. 415-27
• Session 2 (Oct 13): Violence & IR • Session 6 (Nov 10): Peace Studs & P-C• Session 11 (Dec 15): Peace Culture
• Language & Meaning Studs
• V Pin-Fat “How do we begin to think about • J de Riviera Peacefullness of Cultures
the world,” in J Edkins et al eds Global Pols, R, • Peace Studies
2014, pp. 20-38 • P Lawler, « Peace Studies,» in P D Williams
• Session 12 (Dec 22) Peace &
• Silence of IR ed., Security Studies, Routledge, 2008, pp. Development, Peace in the TW
73-88 • J Barnett, «Peace & Development,» in
• C Thomas «Why dont we talk about violence
in IR,» in RIS, 2010, pp.1-22 • P & Conflict Studies JPR, pp. 75-89
• O Richmond, The Contribution of Peace & • C Hughes «Peace & Dev Studs,» in O P
• Session 3 (Oct 20): IR & PS Compared Conflict Studies, in O Richmond 08 Peace in
• See Lecture Slides IR, R, pp 97-117 Richmond et al eds The P HB of … Peace,
Springer, 2016, pp 139-53
• Session 4 (Oct 27): IR Theory & Peace • Session 7 (Nov 17): Mid Term Exam
• O P Richmond “Peace in IR Theory,” in ditto • Session 8 (Nov 24): Tools of Peace
• Session 13 (Dec 29): War & Society
The P HB of Disciplinary & Reg Approaches to • Life Without War
Peace, Palgrave, pp. 57-69 • C F Alger , The UN System, ABC Clio, 2006, • Evo of Warfare
• OR: O P Richmond, «Reclaiming Peace in Int pp. 9-16
Rels,» in MJIS, 2008, pp. 439-470 • War Limitation & Arms Control • Session14 (Jan 5):
• Session 5 (Nov 3): Peace Hist & Movs • Session 9 (Dec 1): The UN Charter As • Can we move beyond Conflict?
• R Bleiker “Can we move beyond conflict,” in J
• Peace History the Tool of Peace Edkins et al eds 14 Glob Pols, R, 2014, pp.
• J Gitlings, Peace in Hist, in O P Richmond The • 564-589.
P HB of Disciplinary & Reg Approaches to
Preamble, Chapter 1, 6 & 7.
• Decolonising War
Peace, Palgrave, 2016, pp 21-32 • Session 10 (Dec 8): Peace Ops As the • T Barkawi 16 Decolonising War, in EJIS
• Peace Movs & Their Contribution Tool of Peace
• D Cortright, «How Peace Movements Shape
 HOME ASSIGNMENT
• Dear Students, impression of all these experiences in relation to questions of
• I would like to ask each student to submit a one page, 400 war and peace ?
words (%10 more or less accepted), assignment to be uploaded • In a final paragraph, all these information may then be put
on Ege Ders by 10 November 11 pm. It has to be one single together and considered in the light of your future career
page and no more. If necessary, you may reduce the font size, expectations. Where do you see yourself in 5 to 10 years time
and use single space between the lines. Your assignment must and how do you think you may contribute to world peace in
carry a title on top (such as " I and Peace", "I and the World", future?
"My Way of Peace", "Peace is for Loosers", "Peace is the Way", ... • Dear students, I intend this assignment to be a personal
or any other that you may see fit. I am sure you can be more academic assignment in the sense that your personal views and
creative than what I suggested above. Finally, the number of experiences are put on paper in an academic style. Thus, this
words in your paper must be specified on the top right handside assignment does not require you to do an academic research at
of the paper. all.
• In this assignment, students are expected to introduce • On the other hand, these instructions are framed in such a way
themselves and their educational/academic background and which presumes that the question of peace is all we care in life.
declare their interest in or reasons for taking a course on peace It may not be how you view the world. And it is perfectly all
studies in the first paragraph. right if you dont. It is also possible and acceptable that we may
• Then, in a second paragraph, students may briefly explain their have a different perspective on these topics. This is not a
academic, intellectual, cultural and/or political interests in the problem at all. All you need to do is just to engage with the
subjects that matter them the most. How do you make a sense questions relating to peace and war in relation to your past
of the world, where do you stand in questions of world politics? studies and experiences. If you find yourself having a different
Courses studied, books read, activities/projects involved, perpective than others or the lecturers, that is all the better.
conferences attended may be mentioned to illustrate your • Please feel free to write your own mind and be brave to play
interests in these matters. around with ideas and concepts. All these information above are
• In another paragraph, information may be given as to why and meant to give you some idea and not to constrain you in any
how you are interested in peace studies, whether you have way.
studied similar courses, read books (both fiction and non- • To be uploaded on Ege Ders by 8 pm, Saturday, 4 November.
fiction), or watched films, wrote poems on questions of peace
and war before taking this course. What is your overal • All submissions will have 10 points added to their mid-term exam.
• Thank you for your hard work.
 INTRO – WAR IS
EVERYWHERE
THE IDEA PERMEATES ALL SCIENCES FROM BIOLOGY TO POLITICS
 HOW/WHERE DO WE BEGIN TO THINK ABOUT PEACE?

?
• IR discipline is itself an odd place to think about peace.

• «Can IR be studıed without reproducing its violence» asks Lucas Van Milders & Harmonie Toros in25th year Spec Issue of
EJIR 2020 article

• UN Charter, Article 51. Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if
an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to
maintain international peace and security.

• We must begin by talking about Language & Meaning.

 THE LANGUAGE & MEANING QUESTION
• War as a normal and even commendable state of affairs:
• War on Drugs
• War on Covid …

• Do these kinds of usages normalize international war and make it appear as a necessary,
natural response to an «evil situation» that no one can dispute about?

• Thus;
• We Access the World through our language and we share what we see, know and understand of
the World to others through language.
• «How we think about the World is regulated by our language games or practices.»(1)
• Our language limits what can be said about the World, and thus shapes the way we think about and
act in the World. (2)
• Language, however, is only a «representation» of the external World and does not necessarily
correspond with it.
1. See Veronique Pin-Fat 14 «How do we begin to think about the World?», in J Edkins & eds 14, Glob Pols – An Intro, 2e, R pp.31-33 2. Claire Thomas 10 «Why dont we…» p 2
‘WAR IS RATIONAL’! BUT ESPECIALLY IN IR
• In much of social sciences, from sociology to pol state».
• War is a right, a responsibity, … to protect the interests of nation-states and
science, the social & the natural World is strongly its people.
tied to conflict and even war…
• Campell and Dillon “according to modern political thought, • In this respect, consider the Article 51 of the UN Charter:
violence is ultimo ratio of politics.” • Article 51. Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of
• War is often portrayed as a necessary Evil! individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a
Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken
• Others consider conflict as creative! E.g., Capitalist measures necessary to maintain international peace and security.
Competition, Dialectic Idealism (thesis, anti-thesis,
synthesis), Dialectic Materialism (Class Conflict as the engine
of progressive history)

• However, more than many of the soc scie

disciplines, perhaps it is the IR that has the most
normalizing understanding of war …
• In IR, war & conflict are regarded as a normal state of affairs,
as there is no rule of order
• Even more importantly, perhaps, is the the fact that war in
IR is also perceived to serve a moral purpose.
• War is almost the only sure mechanism to «undo the injustice done to a
 HIDDEN IN IR: VIOLENCE
• The study of IR is said to be predominantly about of viewing the world.
violence. … Yet, the absence of the concept of
violence is particularly noticeable in traditonal IR
• Several traditional IR texts almost completely avoid
studies…
using the concept of violence, even when they are
discussing pheomena which clearly come under the
• The alternative words are not just creative use of rubric of violence.
vocabulary. They keep at bay the harmful,
destructive, personal nature of violence. …
• When they do use the concept, it offen appears to
be used interchangeably with the concepts they are
• Language affects what can be said about the using, … ‘military force’ , ‘war’ and so on…
subject in hand, and therefore affects the way we
think about , and act in, the world. • Waltz uses the term violence 11 times in his Man, the
State and War, in many cases to mean the same thing
as inter-state war….
• «Violence is hidden in the way we talk about IR, and
the way IR talks about violence without naming it
• Morgenthau also uses the concept of violence only
functions to legitimise state violence» from the relatively rarely in is Pols Among Nations.
abstract.
• …
• The way violence is used … upholds a particular way
1. C Thomas, pp 1-4
 WAR & VIOLENCE
• Traditional IR scholars rarely use the concept of violence…, but war & • Thus, war is catergorized into çivil & real wars … and violence as an
conflict (a systematic, collective form of violence)… illegitimate act, associated with the former but not with the latter….
• Whereas, the use of force by legitimate authorities such as states
• War is not seen in terms of violence but in terms of ”force” as a does not appear as violent action but as preservation of balance of
typical, legitimate, justifiable state action … power, or self-defence, or national interest
• By employing “force” instead of violence, the harmful, destructive &
personal nature of wars becomes normalized, acceptable, and
legitimate … violence becomes acceptable as part of a statesmenlike • Moreover, the lens of violence sidelines the problematic war-peace
behaviour … dichotomy, and allows for analysis of violence in peace …
• Violence in inter-state rels is framed often as use of force in IR
literature, … thus, suffering and death is hidden from view, and
normalised… death becomes part of the normal state of • There is violence in int rels, yet war is not seen in terms of violence …
international affairs in IR … violence is only reserved for non-state conflict, such as terrorism and
domestic or civil conflict …

• Moreover, different trads of literature participate in this avoidance of the

term violence…

• On the other hand, the concept of violence is employed when personal

or non-state actor level is addressed whereas the notion of «force»
employed when states interact;
• The term violence is employed in discussions of such conflicts as the
liberation of African peoples from their European empires …

• Claire Thomas 10 «Why dont we talk about violence in IR, in RIS

 IR’S FRAMİNG OF WAR AS NORMAL STATE OF AFFAIRS
• Legal, Political, Military & Moral
Frameworks/Justifications of War: • Moral - Just War… Justification of War…
(Heywood 11, p 254)
• Legal - No war without a declaration (War
• Just Recourse to War (jus ad bellum) :
becomes legal if declared!)
• Last resort
• Just cause
• Political - War as politics by other means • Legitimate authority
(War is a legitimate method in politics, as • Right intention
diplomacy is) • Reosanable prospect of success
• Proportionality (Macro Level)

• Military - War is fought to achieve

• Just Conduct in War (jus in bello):
objectives with the maximum amount of • Discrimination (military targets only)
effort and minimum loss of life and property • Proportionality
to oneself and one’s enemy. (So long as this • Humanity (prisioners of war)
condition is met, war becomes a legitimate
tool)
MANY DIMENSIONS/LEVELS OF PEACE AND WAR
• Peace and War as … • A sociological question: Is there any
• A moral and ethical question: Is killing role for socia stratification in relation to
moral in any way; if so, when and how? making war and peace? How does the
(Just War thinking) socio-political organisation of society
create conditions for peace or war? In
• A political question (power): What is
Marxism, capitalist system for example,
the relationship of power to peace and is inherent with conflict, that is war
war? Is peace nothing else than that between classes, and imperialism over
which is imposed by the «victor» after a other nations.
war? («victor’s peace»)
• A psychological question:
• A legal question: How to define war as
a legal category. When so defined, then • Human Needs Approach (conflict over
making war is regulated with rights and resources)
responsibilities. It then becomes a •…
discussion of legal philisopy and existing
rules that regulate war and peace.
 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES FOR NOTIONS OF INT PEACE
• Various Notions of International Peace • Pax Brittania : Dependent upon Br domination of
Entertained in History the seas, on trade and loose alliances with
• Alexandrian Peace: Depended upon a string of colonised peoples
military conquests; loosely linked together
• The Paris Peace System/Paris Peace Treaty of
• Pax Romana: Depended upon a tight control of a 1919: Dependent upon an embryonic int org, col
territorial empire sec, the self-determination of some, and
democracy
• Carthagian Peace: City of Carthagia was razed to
• The UN System : Dependent upon col sec and int
the ground so that it may never rise again
coop, a social peace entailing social justice
• Augustinian Peace : Adoption and protection
• The Liberal Peace : Dependent upon
of a territorial version of Catholicism, and the
notion of just war democratization, free markets, human rights and
the rule of law, development, and perhaps most
of all, the support of both normative and
• Westphalian Peace: Dependent upon security of material of the US and its allies.
states and norms of territorial sov
 SOME OF THE POPULAR VIEWS ON PEACE & WAR
• «War is hell, … but .. also adventure, courage, … fun.» (War as Hobbes.
heroic act, heroism) (Tim O’Brien)

• -----------
• «Individuals find their fullfilment in war.» Hegel.

• «There is no route to peace; peace is the route.» Gandhi.

• «War is the continuation of politics by other means.»
Clausewitz.
• «There is scarcely any peace so unjust, but it is preferable,
upon the whole, to the justest war.»
• «Make war that we may live in peace.» Aristotle.

• «If you wish peace, care for justice.» (Justice as the basis of
• «The strong take what they will, The weak yield what they peace)
must.» (Morality of Power). Thucydides.

• Men are born free, but in chains everywhere! (Suggesting a

• «If you want peace, prepare for war.» «Good borders make good social/institutional framework for human suffering). Rousseau
neighbors.»

• Homo Hominis Lupus (A man is a wolf to another man).

 QUESTİONS RELATING TO PEACE
• Q1: Is Peace Desirable?

• Q2: Is Peace Attainable, Possible?

• Q3: Has the Military Power Become

Redundant?

1. Andrew Heywood, 11, p 246

 Q1: IS PEACE DESİRABLE?
• A. YES is the «obvious» answer in moral and
ethical as well as economic grounds; i.e., • B. NO is prima facie the unlikely answer here.
There are several different considerations here.
• War causes human suffering,
• 1. No, unless it is «real peace». Does it really represent
• War is a waste of resources. the real interest of the parties. Otherwise, it is just an
impediment, for real peace.
• Chamberlein’s appeasement of Hitler to preserve Peace.
• Note that, even when this reasoning is correct,
• Peace must be defined in positive terms not in negative terms.
there still remains issues relating to the question 2 Peace is not absence of War (negative peace); but requires
below. integration of human society, self-realisation and human
fulfillment (Galtung’s Approach)

• 2. No. Because in some philosophies conflict is taken to

be a creative, productive force.

• 3. No. Because it is irrelevant. It is not a quesiton of

desire or wishful thinking but of strategy and balance
of power consideations.

1. A Heywood, Global Politics, Palgrave, p 248

 Q2: IS PEACE ATTAİNABLE, POSSİBLE?
• YES: • NO:

• Cooperative and Rational Human • Selfish Human Nature

nature.
• Only temporarly when strategic
• When all states have democratic rationality or balance of power allows it.
institutions to cater for peace.
Democratic Peace Theory. • Ony when it is in the interestes of the
Hegemonic power(s).
• Or when there are sufficiently
developed system of international
norms, laws and institutions.

1. Andrew Heywood, 11, p 248

 Q3: HAS THE MILITARY POWER BECOME REDUNDANT?
• NO. • YES:

• War is endless. Military power remains the • All out, total warfare in the conventional
only guarantee for the survival of states. --- sense has become impossible. Total wars can
to undo the injustice --- not be won now; they have become obsolete
in the nuclear age. (balance of terror)
• Emergence of new security challanges such
as • Trade is a better alternative to acquire
• terrorism. wealth and resources.
• laissez faire, laissez passe
• Humanitarian wars; civil conflicts (aka new wars)
• There are now democratic zones of peace
where governance methods can solve our
problems.

1. Andrew Heywood, 11, p 246

 LIVE OR KILL?: THE DRAMA OF KILLING
• Bourke suggests that much of the • On the other hand,
justification for killing arises from a • consider the implications of change in the stage
conception of war in a battlefield, enemies of war… In modern warfare, there is no such
facing each other, causing death to each battlefield, enemies facing do not faceeach other
other, withnessing the death of the enemy nor withness to the death or suffering of the
enemy. …
…
• Much of, we may argue, the desire to end or
• How this can be justified: On the battlefield, it is stop wars arises from this experience of the
a matter of life or death for one’s own self. «Live trauma of killing, withnessing death, even if unto
or Kill» siutation. So, there is not much option the others. …
many would perhaps think.
• But it seems, that is not such an easy choice • So what now, where, the enemy is just a dot
etiher… Indeed, killing is not smt once done and on the screen???!! No morally challenging
forgotten forever. It is a deeper matter. Bourke experience here, so in that respect, this is a
reminds us how soldiers in the battlefield not higly dangerous era now we are entering …
only suffer from a fear of own death, but also,
and even more often, from a fear of killing
others. …

1. Jeanne Bourke in J Edkins eds …

 PEACE IS A STRONGER IMPULSE THAN DESTRUCTION!
• The supposed Freudian death instinct* has seemed to resonate more powerfully
through the discipline than notions of peace.

• Yet, as Fry has argued a vast range of anthropological and ethnographic evidence
shows that peace, conflict avoidance and accommodation are the stronger impulses
of human culture.

• War is a significant part of Western culture as well as others, but not all of cultures….

• ---
• * In classical Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the death drive is the drive toward death and destruction, often expressed through
behaviors such as aggression, … and self-destructiveness.
 DOES THE END JUSTIFY THE MEANS: TELEOLOGY VS DEONTOLOGY

• Teleology (Finality) • Deontological Ethics

• Moral value of an action depends on
• Relating to or involving the explanation the rightness or the wrongness of the
of pheneomena in terms of the purpose action itself, an not on the outcome of
they serve rather than that of the cause the action (Non-consequentalist).
by which they arise.

• Teleological Ethics
• The rightness or wrongness of action is
based on its consequences
(Concsequentalist).
 .
 .
 .

IR & PEACE
IR STANDS FOR SECURİTY RATHER THAN PEACE
• In the discourse of IR, war is regarded
not only a normal state of affairs, but • Or a rational tool, “War is continuation of politics
by other means.” Clausewitz
also celebrated:
• IR Theories & Peace:
• M Wight’s comparison of Domestic Life with
International Anarchy in terms of: Good Life • 1. Idealist Tradition: Anarchy but Cooperation,
(Progress) Vs Anarchy (Repetition) Progress. Peace through law; Democratic/Liberal
Peace
• Anarchy is «given» and morality is irrelevant
• 2. Realism: Anarch, Security, Self Help, Repetition.
Victor’s Peace. BoP mechanism.
• Conflict is also the ultimate arbiter of conflicting
claims in the international system… Is the only
method ultimately to undo the injustice… Thus, a
• 3. Marxism: Class Structure leads to inevitable
conflict. No Peace without Justice & Emancipation.
moral right and responsibility too…

• War as necessity: «Make war that we may live in

peace.» Aristotle
CONVENTIONAL FRAMEWORKS OF PEACE & RECENT ADDITIONS

• Conventional Frameworks • Recent Additions to the Conventional

• Balance of power, Framework
• Collective Security Arrangements, • Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
• Diplomacy, • Economic Development: Peace as an effect
• Int Law and Int Organizations, of political economy, e.g. Capitalism &
• UN Charter Chapter 6 - Peaceful Settlement - exploitation leads to conflict.
Negotiation, Good Offices, Mediation, Arbitration, • Empowerment of the disadvantaged
Judicial Proceedings… (3rd Party)
• Ecological Balance
• Disarmament / Arms Control
• Self-Determination
• Justice and Equality
• Free trade, Liberal economy, Democratic • Culture of Peace
Political Systems • Are some cultures/countries more peaceful than
others?
• Trade as source of wealth, war as waste of
• Some suggest for example that the western
resources…
culture is prone to conflict & war …. (see Bowden)
• Peace Education …
 THE CONCEPT OF PEACE İN INT RELS & PEACE STUDS
• Peace and IR: • Peace Studs:
• Core concern is security & survival in a • Core Elements are (What is Peace &
hostile and conflictual environment… How do we get there)
• Thus, power politics & conflict/war • A concern with underlying causes of conflict
(read violence) is normalized & • But also, whatever the underlying causes of
celebrated in IR conflict are, an insistence on non-violent
appraoches to conflict transformation
• Normalized in the sense that what is
essentionaly an institution of violence is • The importance of grassroot basis of peace
transformed into a natural course of action activism
necessiated by circumstances and regulated • Thus, pacifism & peace movements are an
by treaties and law … inseperable part of peace studies ...
• Celebrated in the sense that it is the normal
course of action in the absence of a
mechanism to «undo the injustice»… As
such, it is an heroic act…
 IR & PEACE STUDS: A COMPARİSON
• Thus, the defining feature of Peace Studies is a normative • IR suggested the broader questions of order, norms, structures, ... were
best left to ‘international theorists’
commitment to non-violence …
• Peace by Peaceful Means … • P&C Studies extended & transformed the notion and field
of peace ...
• The field is extended to cover areas such as human rights,
• Whereas the reverse is true for the conventional IR: the development, gender...
principle is • Methods such as ethnography to understand violence, conflict &
• If you want peace, prepare for war… war …
• Perspective of grassroots and not just the states and elites…
• IR is reductionist about peace;
• It limited peace to specific instances of mediation, conflict • These led to a significantly different, and quietly influential,
resolution, conflict transformation, peace building… PARTIAL …
view of the way peace is understood.
• It suggested the broader questions of order, norms, structures, ...
were best left to ‘international theorists’
• Peace and Conflict Studies questions the domination of the
discipline of IR by what many saw as a self-fulfilling
• On the other hand, Peace Studies is marginalised in IR and militaristic paradigm obsessed with power & violence,
in some conventional accounts of IR sub-disciplines, PS is interest and status.
levelled on par with other security oriented approaches • Structural violence and the notions of negative and positive
within the Security Studies, such as: peace, developed by Galtung, illustrated the deficiency of realism
• Traditional Security, Securitization, Human Security, Gender Security, and liberalism in understanding violence…
Critical Security, Peace Studies….
• IR limited peace to specific instances of mediation, conflict resolution,
conflict transformation, peace building…
ROOTS OF PEACE STUDIES: HİSTORY OF PEACE EFFORTS
• Roots & Dev of Peace Studies • A disparate yet proud history of peace movements, peace
societies, & peace conferences since the 18th c… on the non-
state level
• The first modern peace organizations started almost 200 years
ago.
• On the inter-state level, the Vienna order, the Conferences
System to avoid conflict
• The systematic study of war started more than a century ago.
• Tsar Alexander II suggested disarmament in the era of Vienna
Congress…
• The field of Peace Research is over 50 years old and Peace • La Hague Conferences at the end of the 19th c when
Studies started at least 40 years ago. projects of disarmament were discussed…
• In the 20th c, the Briand Kellog pact & other disarmament
• Then the idea of Peace Education evolved in the 1980s, the conferences ….
concept of Peace Culture emerged in the 1990s. • In the 1970s SALT I, SALT II negotiations… & so on.
• Since then ideas of “conflict transformation” and “strategic • After WWI, Collective Security under the League of Nations
non-violent actions” have emerged.
• After WWII, Conflict Resolution mechanism entered the UN
• A long history of thinking and both formal & informal efforts Charter …
to establish peace … • chapter VI – Pacific Resolution of Disputes…

• Just-war tradition, • Considerable progress made in int conf management,

peacekeeping and peacebuilding since the end of the cold
• Peace thinking and Peace Projects war…
 PEACE STUDIES
• Empowered by this long history and the specific int political environment of the post- WWII world, Peace
Studies emerged through research institutions and journals: The following two developments were influential
in its emergence
• 1. Loss of lives in wars – 17 m in WW1
• 2. Nuclear Threat (Balance of Terror)
• 3. Also important was the banning of Geopolitics in Western countries from the university currucilum and its condemnation as warmongering
… also note strategic studies evolves into security studies

• Peace Studies:
• 1. To understand causes of conflict
• 2. To search non-violent means for conflict transformations
• 3. A normative commitment to peace. «There is no road to peace. Peace is the road.»

• In the field of Peace Studies, John Galtung has made the most contribution by his schematisation
• Negative Peace – Positive Peace
• Direct and Structural Violence
• Additionally, Galtung’s later work on culture of peace …

• However, since its emergence in the late 50s, peace research has not been a unified field of study
• Conflict Management & Resolution
• Peace Study & Conflict Transformation