Three phase induction Motor

Induction Motors
The induction motor is an important class of electrical
machines in our day-to-day applications. More than 85% of
the motors used in industries are induction motors.
Three-phase and single-phase induction motors are most
widely used in industrial and domestic applications
respectively.
Three phase induction Motor
Introduction:
Generation of AC supply is easier.
It can be step up and step down easily.
Common and frequently used in Industries.
Advantages :
1. Simple construction 2. High reliability
3. Low cost 4. High efficiency
5. Less maintenance 6. Self starting
7. Good power factor
3-ph Induction Motors
A three-phase induction motor is an AC motor consisting of a three-
phase winding and it works on the principle of a rotating magnetic field.
The magnetic field rotates at a speed known as synchronous speed.
Since the induction motor rotates at a speed less than the synchronous
speed, it is also called an asynchronous motor.
Construction
The two important parts of a three-phase induction motor are: (i) stationary
three-phase windings, called stator and (ii) rotating component, called rotor.
The rotor is connected to the mechanical load through a shaft. The schematic
representation of a three-phase induction motor is shown in Figure.
 Constructional Details
Two main parts of induction Motor - Stator & Rotor

1. A Stationary stator
consisting of a steel
frame that supports a
hollow, cylindrical core
Core is constructed from
stacked laminations,
having a number of
evenly spaced slots,
providing the space for
the stator winding.
Rotors Squirrel cage
rotor

Wound
rotor

Notice
the slip
rings
2. A Revolving rotor-
Composed of stacked laminations with rotor slots for the rotor winding
with any one of two types of rotor windings
i. Conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire
ii. Aluminum bus bars shorted together (squirrel-cage)
Two basic design types of rotor:
Squirrel-cage:
Conducting bars laid into slots and shorted at both ends by
shorting rings.
Wound-rotor:
Complete set of 3 windings usually Y-connected, the ends of the
rotor wires are connected to 3 slip rings on the rotor shaft.
External resistance is connected in each winding at starting. So it
reduce the starting current and improves the p.f of the rotor.
Higher rotor resistance at starting increases the starting torque.
As the motor speeds up resistance in the rotor circuit is cut step by
step and finally the rotor is short circuited .
Construction
Slip rings

Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM. Notice
the brushes and
the slip rings

Brushes
Types of Induction motor
Sl.No Squirrel cage motor Slip ring motor

1 Construction is very simple Rotor has winding . So the

construction is not simple

2 Low cost High cost

3 Less starting torque High starting torque

4 High efficiency Low efficiency

5 power factor is less Power factor is high

6 High starting current Low starting current

7 No slip ring and no sparks Brushes on the slip ring makes

spark
 Rotating Magnetic Field
Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees
form each other, fed by balanced three
phase source
A rotating magnetic field with
constant magnitude is produced,
rotating with a speed
120 f ee
nsync
sync
 rpm
P
Where fe is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and
nsync is called the synchronous speed in rpm
Rotating Magnetic Field
Rotating Magnetic Field
 14

Rotating Field – Direction of rotation

The phase current waveforms follow each
other in the sequence A-B-C. This
produces a clockwise rotating magnetic
field.
If we interchange any two of the lines
connected to the stator, the new phase
sequence will be A-C-B. This will
produce a counterclockwise rotating field,
reversing the motor direction.
No of Poles and Synchronous Speed

P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
 16

Induction Motors Slip

The difference between the synchronous speed and rotor speed can be
expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed, known as the slip:

X 100 %
where
s = slip,
Ns = synchronous speed (rpm),
N = rotor speed (rpm)
At no-load, the slip is nearly zero (<0.1%). At full load, the slip for
large motors rarely exceeds 0.5%. For small motors at full load, it
rarely exceeds 5%. The slip is 100% for locked rotor.
 Frequency Induced In the Rotor
The frequency induced in the rotor depends on the slip:

When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the frequency of the induced

voltage is equal to the supply frequency
If the rotor runs at synchronous speed (s = 0), the frequency will
be zero

Ns  N
fR  f
Ns
where
fR = frequency of voltage and current in the rotor,
f = frequency of the supply
s = slip
17
 Induction motor speed
If the rotor runs at the speed the same as speed of the
rotating magnetic field, then the rotor will appear
stationary and the rotating magnetic field will not cut the
rotor. So, no induced current will flow in the rotor and so
no torque is generated and the rotor speed will fall below
the synchronous speed

When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut
the rotor windings and a torque is produced
 Induction motor speed
So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the
synchronous speed
The difference between the motor speed and the synchronous
speed is called the Slip

nslip nsync  nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
 Equivalent Circuit
The induction motor is similar to the transformer with the exception
that its secondary windings are free to rotate

As we noticed in the transformer, it is easier if we can combine these

two circuits in one circuit but there are some difficulties
Induction Motors Equivalent circuit
An induction motor can be described as rotating transformer, it is input
is three phase voltage and current, the output of IM is shorted out
so no electrical output exist, instead the output is mechanical.
The Per phase equivalent circuit of an induction motor:
 Rotor Equivalent Circuit
We can calculate the rotor current
ER
IR 
( RR  jX R )
sER 0

( RR  jsX R 0 )
Dividing both the num. and
deno. by s so nothing changes we get

ERR00
I RR 
RRR
(  jX RR00 )
s
Transformer model of induction motor
Magnetization curve of induction motor
 Horse power
Another unit used to measure mechanical power is the horse
power
It is used to refer to the mechanical output power of the motor
Since we, as an electrical engineers, deal with watts as a unit to
measure electrical power, there is a relation between horse
power and watts

hp 746 watts
Power flow in induction motor

Copper losses
Copper loss in the stator (PSCL) = I12R1
Copper loss in the rotor (PRCL) = I22R2
Core loss (Pcore)
Mechanical power loss due to friction and windage
How this power flow in the motor?
 Power relations
PAG Pconv
Pin  3 VL I L cos  3 V ph I ph cos  1 1-s

PSCL 3 I12 R1

PAG Pin  ( PSCL  Pcore ) PRCL

2 s
PRCL 3I R2 2

Pconv PAG  PRCL

Pout Pconv  ( Pf w  Pstray ) PAG : PRCL : Pconv

 ind 
Pconv 1 : s : 1-s
m
Power Flow
Induction Motor Efficiency and Torque

The Motor efficiency:

Pout
 
Pin
Motor torque:

Pout
T 
m
 IM Torque-Speed Characteristic
At light loads:
The rotor slip is very small
The relative motion is very small and the rotor frequency is
also very small.
Current and ER is very small and in phase.
So BR is relatively small, as the rotor magnetic field is very
small then the induced torque is small.
At heavy loads:
As load increase, the slip increase, rotor speed falls down,
More relative motion appears and produce stronger ER,
larger rotor current IR and so rotor magnetic field BR will be seen.
The angle of the rotor current will be also changed.
The increase in BR tend to increase in the torque.
Torque-speed characteristics
Starting torque: is 200-250% of the full load torque (rated
torque).

Pullout torque: Occurs at the point where for an incremental

increase in load the increase in the rotor current is exactly
balanced by the decrease in the rotor power factor. It is 200-
250 % of the full load torque.

31
Induction Motor/Generator Mode
 Maximum torque
Maximum torque occurs when the power transferred to R2/s is
maximum.

The corresponding maximum torque of an induction motor

equals
1  22
3VTH 
 max   TH 
max
2ss  RTH  RTH
22
 ( X  X ) 22 
 TH TH TH
TH 22 

The slip at maximum torque is directly proportional to

the rotor resistance R2

The maximum torque is independent of R2

Effect of Varying Rotor Resistance
in wound rotor IM
 Determination of motor parameters
Due to the similarity between the induction motor equivalent circuit and
the transformer equivalent circuit, same tests are used to determine the
values of the motor parameters.
DC test: determine the stator resistance R1
No-load test: determine the rotational losses and
magnetization current (similar to no-load test in
Transformers).
Locked-rotor test: determine the rotor and stator
impedances (similar to short-circuit test in Transformers).
Applications of Induction motors
Fans and blowers
All pumps
Lathes, drilling machines and grinding
machines
Rolling mills , Compressors
Crushers, Cranes , hoist and conveyors etc.
Summary
• Construction
• Working principle
• Types
• Characteristics
• Applications
Thank you