Chapter Two

Inclusion
 Thought Shower
• Who is vulnerable for discrimination and
partiality or subordination?
• How we address those discriminated and
isolated communities?
• Which diversified community need respect?
 Inclusion
• It is seen as a process of addressing and
responding to the diversity of needs of all
persons through increasing participation in
learning, employment, services, cultures and
communities, and reducing exclusion at all
social contexts.
• It involves changes and modifications in
content, approaches, structures and strategies
 Concept of Inclusion
1) Concepts about learners

2) Concepts about the education system and schools

3)Concepts about diversity and discrimination

4) Concepts about processes to promote inclusion

5) Concepts about resources

 Concepts About Learners
 Education is a fundamental human right for all people

 Learning begins at birth and continues throughout life

 All children have a right to education within their own

community
 Everyone can learn, and any child can experience
difficulties in learning
 All learners need their learning supported child-
focused teaching benefits all children.
 Concepts about the Education System
and Schools
• It is broader than formal schooling

• It is flexible, responsive educational systems

• It creates enabling and welcoming educational

environments
• It promotes school improvement – makes effective
schools
• It involves whole school approach and collaboration
between partners.
Concepts about diversity and discrimination

It promotes combating discrimination and

exclusionary pressures at any social sectors
It enables responding to/embracing diversity
as a resource not as a problem
It prepares learners for an inclusive society
that respects and values difference.
Concepts about Processes To Promote Inclusion

 It helps to identifying and overcoming barriers to

participation and exclusionary pressures
 It increases real participation of all collaboration,
partnership between all stakeholders
 It promotes participatory methodology, action research,
collaborative enquiry and other related activities
 Concepts About Resources

 Promotes unlocking and fully using local resources

redistributing existing resources
 It helps to perceive people (children, parents, teachers,
members of marginalized groups, etc) as key resources
 It helps to use appropriate resources and support within
schools and at local levels for the needs of different
children, e.g. mother tongue tuition, Braille, assistive
devices.
 Components of Inclusion
• Students with disabilities and vulnerability attend
their neighbourhood schools
• Each student is in an age-appropriate general
education classroom
• Every student is accepted and regarded as a full and
valued member of the class and the school
community.
• Special education supports are provided to each
student with a disability within the context of the
general education classroom.
 Cond…
• All students receive an education that addresses their
individual needs
• No student is excluded based on type or degree of
disability.
• All members of the school (e.g., administration, staff,
students, and parents) promote cooperative/collaborative
teaching arrangements
• There is school-based planning, problem-solving, and
ownership of all students and programs
• Employed according to their capacities without
discriminations.
 Inclusion Does Not Mean
• Placing students with disabilities into general
education classrooms without careful planning and
adequate support.
• Reducing services or funding for special education
services.
• Placing all students who have disabilities or who are
at risk in one or a few designated classrooms.
• Teachers spending a disproportionate amount of
time teaching or adapting the curriculum for
students with disabilities.
 Cond…
 Isolating students with disabilities socially, physically, or
academically within the general education school or classroom.
 Endangering the achievement of general education students
through slower instruction or a less challenging curriculum.
 Relegating special education teachers to the role of assistants in
the general education classroom.
 Requiring general and special education teachers to team
together without careful planning and well-defined
responsibilities.
 Principles of Inclusion
• Inclusion is a process
• Inclusion is concerned with the identification
and removal of barriers that hinders the
development of persons with disabilities
• Inclusion is about the presence, participation
and achievement of all persons
• Inclusion invokes a particular emphasis on
those who may be at risk of marginalization,
exclusion or underachievement
 Rationale for Inclusion
• Educational Foundations
• Social Foundation
• Legal Foundations
• Economic Foundation
 Educational Foundations

 Children do better academically, psychologically

and socially in inclusive settings.
 A more efficient use of education resources.

 Decreases dropouts and repetitions

 Teachers competency( knowledge, skills,

collaboration, satisfaction
 Social Foundation
 Segregation teaches individuals to be fearful,
ignorant and breeds prejudice.
 All individuals need an education that will help
them develop relationships and prepare them for
life in the wider community.
 Only inclusion has the potential to reduce fear and
to build friendship, respect and understanding.
 Legal Foundations
 All individuals have the right to learn and live
together.
 Human being shouldn‘t be devalued or
discriminated against by being excluded or sent
away because of their disability.
 There are no legitimate reasons to separate children
for their education
 Economic Foundation
 Inclusive education has economic benefit, both for individual and
for society.
 Inclusive education is more cost-effective than the creation of
special schools across the country.
 Children with disabilities go to local schools

 Reduce wastage of repetition and dropout

 Children with disabilities live with their family use community

infrastructure
• Better employment and job creation opportunities for people with
 Foundations for Building Inclusive
Society
 Formation of mutual understanding and
appreciation of diversity
 Building up empathy, tolerance and
cooperation
 Promotion of sustainable development
 Influencing Actors of Inclusion
• Communities
• Activists and advocates
• The quality education and school
improvement movement
• Special educational needs movement
• Involvement of International agencies
• Involvement of NGOs movements, networks
and campaigns
 For Discussion
• What benefits do you expect form inclusion?
• Who is more beneficiary? How? Why?
• Do you believe that as you are beneficiary?
 Benefits of Inclusion
• Benefits for Students with Special Needs
Education
• Benefits for persons without Special Needs
Education
• Benefits for persons without Special Needs
Education
• Benefits for Teachers & Parents/Family
• Benefits for Society
 Benefits for Students with Special Needs
Education
• Develop appropriate models of behaviour
 Improved friendships with the social environment

 Increased social initiations, interactions, relationships and

networks
 Gain peer role models for academic, social and behavior skills

 Increased achievement of individualized educational program

(IEP) goals
• Greater access to general curriculum
 Cond…
 Improved academic achievement which leads to
quality education services

 Improved school staff collaboration to meet these

students‘ needs and ability differences
 Increased parental participation to meet these
students‘ needs and ability differences
• Enhanced family’s integration into the community
 Benefits for persons without Special
Needs Education
 Have a variety of opportunities for interacting with their age
peers who experience SEN in inclusive school settings.
 Play the role of a special friends throughout lunch, in the
bus or playground.
 Gain knowledge of a good deal about tolerance, individual
difference, and human exceptionality.
 Learn that students with SEN have many positive
 Cond…
• Have chance to learn about many of the human
service profession
 Get greater opportunities to master activities by
practicing and teaching others
 Have increased academic outcomes
• Have opportunity to learn to communicate, and
deal effectively with a wide range of individuals
 Benefits for Teachers
• They have more opportunities to learn new ways to
teach different kinds of students.
• They develop more positive attitudes and
approaches towards different people with diverse
needs.
• They can encourage their students to be more
interested, more creative and more attentive.
• They get opportunities to exchange information
about instructional activities and teaching
strategies.
 Benefits for Parents/Family
• They learn more about how their children are being
educated in schools with their peers in an inclusive
environment.
• They become personally involved and feel a greater
sense of accomplishment in helping their children to
learn.
• They feel valued and consider themselves as equal
partners in providing quality learning opportunities for
children.
• They learn how to deal better with their children at
home by using techniques that the teachers use in
school.
 Benefits for Society
• Helps break down barriers and prejudice that
prevail in the society towards persons with
disability.
• Values and appreciates differences in human
beings
• Serves both students with and without special
needs education.
 For Discussion
• If inclusion has benefit, what are the ultimate
goal of it? Why?
 Ultimate Goal of Inclusion
• Creating inclusive schools
• Creates better long-term outcomes for all
students
• Creating inclusive communities in the future
for all our children
• Build communities where everyone belongs
• Offers equality of opportunity to all
 Features of Inclusive Environment
 It ensures the respect and dignity of individuals with
disabilities.
 It meets current accessibility standards to the greatest
extent possible to all people with special needs
 Provides accommodations willingly and proactively

 Persons with disabilities are welcomed and are

valued for their contributions as individuals.
 For Activities
• Make a group and discuss on the barriers that
may encounter in the proses of inclusion.
• Then give your recommendations to overcome
the barriers that you have suggested.
 Barriers to Inclusion
• Societal values and beliefs
• Economic factors
 Lack of taking measures to ensure conformity of
implementation of inclusion practice with policies
• Lack of stakeholders taking responsibility in their
cooperation as well as collaboration for inclusion
 Cond…
 Conservative traditions among the community
members about inclusion
 Lack of knowledge and skills among teachers
regarding inclusive education.
 Fragile democratic institutions that could not
promote inclusion.
 Cond…
 Inadequate resources and inaccessibility of social
and physical environments.
 Large class sizes that make teachers and
stakeholders meet students‘ diverse needs
 Using inclusive models that may be imported from
other countries.