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Lecture 4 QM

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8 views9 pages

Lecture 4 QM

Uploaded by

sanjanamooli77
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Physics formulation

PREVIOUS CLASSES
Distinction between four mechanics
Limitation of quantification of length
Introduction to need of quantum mechanics
Why does QUANTUM MECHANICS developed?
Needs of Planck’s constant and its formulation
Observation of Black Body radiation and failure of classical mechanics to understand it
Planck’s explanation of black body radiation.
Failure of classical formulation to explain some other experimental results

Formulation
Quantum mechanical postulates
Compton Effect
1923 Scattering of X-rays by a block of paraffin
Observation The wavelength of the radiation scattered
at an angle is greater than the wavelength of the incident
radiation.
The free frequency of the scattered wave is smaller than
the frequency of the incident wave.
Compton explanation
An elastic collision between an electron and a photon of
energy E= and momentum p= = .
Shift of wavelength, (1-cos θ)
Stern-Gerlach Experiment (1922)
Quantization of angular momentum

𝑠1
𝑠𝑠2 3
Silver atom

To pump
Beam of silver atom passed through an inhomogenous
magnetic field.
Ag has Z=47.
So, angular momentum of the silver atom is due to the lost
electron only.
= (= magnetic moment of the atom
B = magnetic field
= interaction energy
Magnetic field is in z-direction.
So, cos
and B.
Atoms come out from oven Unpolarized momentum
Travelling a distance ‘l’ through the region of the magnetic
field, the beam will experience a deflection z,
Z = cos

Experimental observation
Single line (no magnetic field)

So, two eigen values are and -.


Double lines (magnetic field on)
If one beam stops and other beam passes through a magnetic
field, then no splitting. But if inhomogeneous field acting it
will split in two lines.
Formulation
So, we need two wavefunctions to describe the state of an
electron.

It is known as spinors and the wavefunction is known as the


Pauli wavefunction.
Hence,
So, any spinor can be written as a linear combination of the
basis spinors.
= |z and = |z
So, and are the probabilities to obtain |z and |z ,
respectively.
So, + = 1
Pauli wavefunction satisfies the equation.
So, i
For the hydrogen atom the H will be in the form,
H =
Where I is 2×2 unit matrix.

So in general we can write

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