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Three Phase Im

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22 views34 pages

Three Phase Im

Uploaded by

muniswaran9603
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dr.N.

Prakash - AP -III

Department of Electrical & Electronics


Engineering
CH1: THREE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTORS
INTRODUCTION
Three-phase induction motors are the most common and frequently
encountered machines in industry

 Simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance  wide range


of power ratings: fractional horsepower to 10 MW

 Run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full load

 Its speed depends on the frequency of the power source

 Not easy to have variable speed control

 Requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for optimal


speed control.
Why induction motor (IM)?
Robust; No brushes. No contacts on rotor shaft.

 High Power/Weight ratio compared to Dc motor.

Lower Cost/Power.

Easy to manufacture.

Almost maintenance-free, except for bearing and other


mechanical parts.
Rotating Magnetic Field
Balanced three phase windings, i.e. mechanically displaced 120
degrees form each other, fed by balanced three phase source .

A rotating magnetic field with constant magnitude is produced,


rotating with a speed.

nsync = 120f/P

Where fe is the supply frequency and P is the no. of poles and

nsync is called the synchronous speed in rpm (revolutions per


INDUCTION MOTOR PRINCIPLE
 Induction motor works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction. When three phase supply is given to
the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field of constant magnetic
field is produced. This rotating field produces an effect of rotating
poles around a rotor.
CONSTRUCTION OF THREE PHASE
IM
A 3 phase induction motor has two main parts

(i) Stator

(ii) Rotor

The rotor is separated from the stator by a small air-gap which


ranges from 0.4 mm to 4 mm, depending on the power of the motor.
STATOR OF THREE PHASE IM
It consists of a steel frame which encloses a

hollow, cylindrical core made up of thin


laminations of silicon steel to reduce
hysteresis and eddy current losses.

 A number of evenly spaced slots are

provided on the inner periphery of the


laminations.

The insulated connected to form a balanced

3-phase star or delta connected the circuit.


Cont…..
 The 3-phase stator winding is wound for a definite number of
poles as per requirement of speed. Greater the number of poles,
lesser is the speed of the motor and vice-versa.

When 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding, a rotating

magnetic field of constant magnitude is produced. This rotating


field induces currents in the rotor by electromagnetic induction.
ROTOR

The rotor, mounted on a shaft, is a hollow


laminated core having slots on its outer
periphery.
Cont….
The winding placed in these slots (called
rotor winding) may be one of the following
two types

i. Squirrel cage type

ii. Wound type


SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
It consists of a laminated cylindrical core having parallel slots on its outer
periphery. One copper or aluminum bar is placed in each slot.

All these bars are joined at each end by metal rings called end rings.

 This forms a permanently short circuited winding which is indestructible.


The entire construction (bars and end rings) resembles a squirrel cage
and hence the name.

The rotor is not connected electrically to the supply but has current
induced in it by transformer action from the stator.
Cont…..
Those induction motors which employ squirrel cage rotor are
called squirrel cage induction motors.

Most of 3 phase induction motors use squirrel cage rotor as it


has a remarkably simple and robust construction enabling it to
operate in the most adverse circumstances.

However, it suffers from the disadvantage of a low starting torque.

It is because the rotor bars are permanently short-circuited and it


is not possible to add any external resistance to the rotor circuit to
have a large starting torque.
WOUND ROTOR
It consists of a laminated cylindrical core and carries a 3-phase
winding, similar to the one on the stator. The rotor winding is
uniformly distributed in the slots and is usually star-connected.

The open ends of the rotor winding are brought out and joined to
three insulated slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft with one
brush resting on each slip ring.
Cont…..
The three brushes are connected to a 3-phase star-connected rheostat.

At starting, the external resistances are included in the rotor circuit to
give a large starting torque.

These resistances are gradually reduced to zero as the motor runs up to


speed.
Cont…
The external resistances are used during starting period
only. When the motor attains normal speed, the three
brushes are short-circuited so that the wound rotor runs
like a squirrel cage rotor.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THREE
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
SPEED OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD

The motor works on the principle of faraday’s law of


electromagnetic induction. According to this law, an EMF induced
in a conductor due to the rate of change of flux linkage through
the conductor.

In squirrel cage induction motor, the rotor bars are short-circuited
by end rings and in slip-ring induction motor, the rotor winding is
connected with external resistors. And it cut the stator rotating
magnetic field.
Cont…..
According to Faraday’s law, an EMF induced in the rotor winding.
The rotor is a close circuit. Hence, due to this EMF current will flow
through the rotor circuit. This current known as rotor current.

As the current flows through the rotor conductor, the flux induces
on it. The direction of rotor flux is the same as the direction of the
rotor current.

Now, we have two fluxes. One flux is induced in stator and second
is induced in rotor. The stator rotating magnetic field rotates at
synchronous speed. And the rotor flux lags behind the stator flux.
Cont…
The relative motion between rotating stator flux and rotor flux, the
rotor flux will try to catch up with the stator flux. According to the
Lenz law, the rotor rotates in the direction of stator flux to
minimize relative motion. And this is how the rotor starts rotating.

The rotor current produced by induced EMF. Therefore, this motor


known as Induction motor.

The rotor never succeeds to catch the stator flux. So, the rotor
rotates slights less than the speed of stator and that is
synchronous speed.
Cont….
If the rotor rotating at the speed of the synchronous speed, the
relative motion between the stator and rotor is zero. So, no EMF
induced in the rotor and no current will flow through the rotor
conductors. And therefore, no torque will be generated.

As a result, the rotor cannot rotate at a speed of synchronous


speed. The difference between the stator speed (synchronous
speed) and rotor speed known as slip.
Cont….
Cont….

The speed of the rotating magnetic field is the same as the speed
of the alternator that is supplying power to the motor if the two
have the same number of poles.

Hence the magnetic flux is said to rotate at synchronous speed.


Cont…
Thus the three phase induction motor is

Self-starting.

Less armature reaction and brush sparking because of the


absence of commutators and brushes that may cause sparks.

Robust in construction.

Economical.

Easier to maintain.
ADVANTAGES OF THREE PHASE IM

It has simple and rugged construction.

It is relatively cheap.

It requires little maintenance.

It has high efficiency and reasonably good power factor.

It has self starting torque.


DISADVANTAGES OF THREE PHASE
IM
It is essentially a constant speed motor and its speed cannot be
changed easily.

Its starting torque is inferior to dc shunt motor.


THANK YOU….!

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