BASIC AND

COMPOUND
PROPOSITION
Topic 15
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the discussion, the students should be able to:
-Know the meaning of Logic.
-Understand the historical background of logic and
mathematical reasoning.
-Identify the meaning of the proposition and its properties.
-Understand what is a compound proposition.
-Understand the truth values.
-Use and apply the truth table for conjunction, disjunction,
negation.
-Know and understand the symbols used for conjunction,
disjunction, and negation.
-Know how to apply compound propositions with the
combination of conjunction, disjunction, and negation.
LEARNING DISCUSSION:
• What is Logic?
• Historical Background of Logic and Mathematical Reasoning
• Proposition and its Properties
• Compound Proposition
• Truth Values
• Truth Table for Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation
• Logical Operators (and symbols used for Conjunction,
Disjunction, Negation)
• Compound Propositions applying combinations of
Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation (present examples using
2, 3 and 4 logical variables)
 What is
Logic?
Merriam
Webster Aristotle
Logic is something Logic is the
that forces a decision instrument by means
apart from or in of which we come to
opposition to reason. know anything.
It also means the He also said that it’s
science of the formal a new and necessary
principles of reasoning.
reasoning.
 What is
Logic?
It came from the Greek word “logos”
meaning, reason.
It is the study of the methods and
principles used to distinguish correct from
incorrect reasoning.
Logic deals with propositions/statements
that are only capable of being true and
false.
Historical Background of Logic and Mathematical
Reasoning
Ancient Logic
Parmenides (~500 BCE)
Parmenides, in 5th century BCE, invented logic while
living on a rock in Egypt. This is because he was the
first philosopher to use an extended argument for his
views rather than merely proposing a vision of reality
make.
Zeno of Elea (~500 BCE)
A disciple of Parmenides, Zeno of Elea authored many
arguments which is collectively known “Zeno’s
Paradoxes,” He uses a logical strategy, known as
reductio ad absurdum, for establishing a claim by
showing that the opposite of his arguments leads to
preposterous results.
Historical Background of Logic and Mathematical
Reasoning
Ancient Logic
The Sophists (~500 BCE)
The Sophists were a group of philosophers in
ancient Greek, they cultivated the art of
defending or attacking a thesis by the means
of arguments.

Socrates (470–399 BCE)

Socrates is said to have attended Prodicus’s lectures,
one of the Sophists. Socrates pursued the definitions
of things, especially, the realm of ethics and values.
Historical Background of Logic and Mathematical
Reasoning
Ancient Logic
Plato (428/427–348/347 BCE)
Plato continued the work started by his Socrates, his
mentor, and the Sophists. In the Sophist, he
distinguished affirmation from negation and made the
important distinction between verbs and names, which
includes both
Aristotle (384–322 BCE) nouns and adjectives.
Labeled as the “Father of logic” by many, Aristole
conceived logic as the study of argument and the
correctness of argumentation. He undertake the
systematic study of logic where Plato used dialectic as
both a method of reasoning and a means of philosophical
training,
Historical Background of Logic and Mathematical
Reasoning
Medieval
Logic
Boethius (480–524/525)
Boethius translated Aristotle’s Categories and De
interpretatione and Porphyry’s Isagoge, and his
translations were much more influential compared to
the others who translated such literary and logical
Arabic Logic
texts.
Peter Abelard (1079–1142)
Abelard’s fertile investigations raised logical study in
medieval Europe to a new level as his works and
commentaries are said to show familiarity to Boethius
works but Abelard’s go beyond because his are much
easier to understand.
Historical Background of Logic and Mathematical
Reasoning
Modern Logic
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Immanuel Kant focuses on the formal and
systematic character of logic as a “strongly
proven” or apodictic doctrine.

20th century Logic

Gottlob Frege (1848—1925)
Gottlob Frege founded modern mathematical logic. He
attempted the first formulation of higher-order logic.
Frege also presented the first coherent and full analysis
of variables and functions.
 Proposition and its Properties
Propositio
n
The proposition is a declarative sentence that is
either true or false. It must be one or the other, it
can’t be both true and false.

Examples of not proposition:

Examples of proposition: 1. Pay attention to this.
1. Manila is the capital of the - This is not a proposition. It is an imperative
Philippines. sentence not a declarative sentence.
- This is a proposition. The truth 2. What time is it ?
- This is not a proposition. It is in a form of
value is TRUE.
question.
2. Three is an even integer. 3. I am telling the truth.
- This is a proposition. The truth - Not a proposition. Even though the sentence is in
value is FALSE. declarative form, it is neither true nor false.
 Kinds of propositions

Simple Compound
propositio Proposition
n
It gives information It gives information about
more than one fact or
about a single fact or statement and its
statement and its DEPENDENT. It contains 2 or
INDEPENDENT. more simple propositions
which is connected by logical
Example: August is connectives: and, or, if then,
the 8th month of the if, and only if.
year. Example: 4 is an even
number and 7 is less than
12.
 More examples for...
Simple proposition:
1. 8+28 +36
- This is a simple proposition. The truth
value is TRUE.
2. Earth is the 5th planet in the solar
system.
- This is a simple proposition. The truth
value is FALSE.
 More examples for...
Compound proposition:
1. Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
- It is connected using both “and” and ”or”
- It consists of 3 simple prepositions: Logic is fun,
logic is interesting, and logic is boring.
2. Mariana trench is the deepest part of the ocean
and it’s near the Philippines.
- It is connected using “and”
- It consists of 2 simple prepositions: Mariana trench
is the deepest part of the ocean, Mariana trench is
near the Philippines.
 Truth Values
It is the attribute assigned to a proposition in
respect if its true or false, which in classical
logic has only two possible values, True or
False.

True is denoted by T or 1
False is denoted by F or 0
 Truth Table for Conjunction,
Disjunction, and Negation
It is used to determine when a
compound statement is true or false.

Conjunction Disjunction Negation

The truth Truth value The truth
value is only will be true value is
true when when either p opposite of
both p and q or q is true. the
are true. proposition.
 Conjuction
p q p^q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F F
 Example
Determine s each statement
whether is true or
false.
1. 5 is a whole number and an even number.
2. 2 is a prime number and it is also an even
number.

Solution:
1. This is a false proposition as 5 is not an even
number.
2. This is a true proposition because each
 Disjuction
p q pvq

T T T

T F T

F T T

F F F
 Example
Determine s each statement
whether is true or
false.
1. Seoul is the capital of South Korea or Tokyo is
the capital of Japan.
2. The moon is made of cheese, or it has gravity.

Solution:
1. This is a true proposition as each simple
proposition is true.
2. This is a true proposition because the moon has
gravity.
Negation

p ~p

T F

F T
 Example
Write the negation s
of each statement.
1. Elon Musk is a billionaire. (This proposition is
True)
2. Taylor swift didn’t win the Album of the year at
the 2021 Grammys. (This proposition is False)

Solution
1. Elon Musk is not a billionaire. (This negated
proposition is now False)
2. Taylor swift did win the Album of the year at the
2021 Grammys. (This negated proposition is now
True)
 Logical Operators (and symbols used
for Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation)

Connectiv Symbol Type of

e Statement

an ^ Conjuctio
n
d
or v Disjunctio
n

no ~ Negatio
n
t
 Example
Example for s
Conjunction, Disjunction, and
Negation:
p is the statement “John is a Civil Engineer.” and
q is the statement “John passed the board exam.”
1. p ^ q
- John is a Civil Engineer and he passed the board
exam.
2. p v q
- John is a Civil Engineer or he passed the board
exam.
3. ~p ^ ~q
- John is not a Civil Engineer and he didn’t pass the
 Compound Propositions applying combinations of
Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation
Example 1: ~(p^q)
p q p^q ~(p^q)

T T T F

T F F T

F T F T

F F F T
 Compound Propositions applying combinations of
Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation
Example 2: ~(p^~q)
p q ~q p^~q ~(p^~q
)
T T F F T

T F T T F

F T F F T

F F T F T
 Compound Propositions applying combinations of
Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation
Example 3: p^~(pvq)
p q pvq ~(pvq) p^~(pvq
)
T T T F F

T F T F F

F T T F F

F F F T F
 Compound Propositions applying combinations of
Conjunction, Disjunction, Negation
Example 4: (p^q)^(~r v q)
p q r pvq ~r ~r^q (p v q)^(~r^q)

T T T T F F F

T T F T T T T

T F T T F F F

T F F T T F F

F T T T F F F

F T F T T T T

F F T F F F F

F F F F T F F
 Summar
y meaning, reason. It deals with
Logic came from the greek word “logos”
propositions/statements that are only capable of being true and false.

Proposition is a declarative sentence which is either true or false. It must be

one or the other, it can’t be both true and false.
- Simple proposition gives information about a single fact or statement and is
INDEPENDENT.
- Complex proposition gives information about more than one fact or
statement, contains 2 or more simple proposition and is DEPENDENT.

Truth Values is the attribute assigned to a proposition in respect to its truth or

falsehood which in classical logic has only two possible values, True or False.
Truth Table is used to determine when a compound statement is true or false.
Conjunction is only true when both p and q are true.
Disjunction will only be true when either p or q is true.
Negation is the opposite of the proposition.
 References:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/logic#:~:text=Definition%20of
%20logic&text=b(1)%20%3A%20a%20particular,failed%20to%20see%20her
%20logic.&text=c%20%3A%20interrelation%20or%20sequence%20of,events%2C%20anarchy
%20leads%20to%20dictatorship.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/logic
https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-logic
https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/logic-in-the-early-20th-century/v-1
https://iep.utm.edu/k-logic/#:~:text=Kant's%20key%20contribution%20lies%20in,and%20our
%20forms%20of%20thought
https://iep.utm.edu/frege/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/truth-value
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ivg-oqPJsk4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn_phvHUkEY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XrfP1M79vWs
https://www.mccc.edu/~virtcoll/documents/mat120/unit02/002_logic-
compoundpropositions2/data/downloads/002_logic-compoundpropositions2_000.pdf
 ASSESMEN
I. Identification
T
1. It deals with propositions/statements that are only capable of being true and
false.
2. He is the father of modern logic.
3. It is a declarative sentence that is either true or false. It must be one or the
other, it can’t be both true and false.
4. It gives information about a single fact or statement and is INDEPENDENT.
5. It is used to determine when a compound statement is true or false.
II.Determine whether the following sentence is a proposition or not:
6. The sum of 2000 and 22 is an odd number.
7. Can I borrow your phone?
8. Today is Wednesday and the day after tomorrow is Friday
9. Please turn off the Fan.
10. According to Greek mythology, Hera is the goddess of marriage and Zeus is
the god of the sky.
III.Construct a truth table
11-15. Construct a truth table for ~(~p^q).