UNIT-4

Tree definition and operations

Representation of Binary Trees and operations
Binary Tree Traversals
Binary search tree properties and operations
AVL tree and operations on AVL trees
Heap sort
Trees
General View of a Tree
 Computer Scientist’s View

root
leaves

branches

nodes
 Tree
 A tree, is a finite set of nodes together with a finite set of directed
edges(links/branches) that define parent-child (Hierarchical )relationships.
 Example:
Nodes = {A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H}
Edges = {(A,B),(A,E),(B,F),(B,G),(B,H),(E,C),(E,D)}

 A tree is a finite set of one or more nodes such that:

 There is a specially designated node called the root.

 Remaining nodes are partitioned into ‘n’ (n>0) disjoint sets

T1,T2,..Tn, where each Ti (i=1,2,….n) is a Tree, T1,T2,..Tn are
called sub tree of the root.
A
 Tree is a non-linear data structure.
E B

D C F H G
A tree satisfies the following properties:

1. It has one designated node, called the root, that has no parent.
2. Every node, except the root, has exactly one parent.
3. A node may have zero or more children.
4. There is a unique directed path from the root to each node.

5 5
5
1
3 2 3 2
3 2

4 1 6 4 6
4 1 6
tree Not a tree Not a tree
 Tree Terminology
Root: Only node with no parent Example: A
Parent of x: The node directly above node x in the tree(A, B, C, H)
Child of x: A node directly below node x in the tree (B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I)
Siblings: Nodes with common parent. (B,C),(D,E),(F,G,H)
Non-leaf or Internal Node: Nonleaf node. (B,C,H)
Path: A sequence of connected nodes. (A,B,D), (A,C,H,I), ...
Ancestor of x: A node on the path from the root to x. For D (A,B)
Descendent of x: A node on a path from x to a leaf.For C (H,I)
Empty Tree: A tree with no nodes.
Leaf or External Node: A node with no children. (D,E,F,G,I)

B C

D E F G H

I
The level of a node x: It is the distance from the root to node x.
Generally, the root has a zero distance from itself, the root is at level 0.
The, children of the root are at level 1, their children are at level at 2,
and so on. Level of j: 3

Height of Tree: The maximum no of nodes covered in a path

starting from root node to a leaf node is called height of a tree.
Height of a following tree: 5

Depth: Length of the path to that node from the root. 3 for G

Degree/arity of node x: Number of children's of a node x. Degree of c: 3

A Level 0

B C Level 1
D E F G Level 2
H I J Level 3
k Level 4
Example 2:
 TERM DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Node An item or single element represented in a tree A,B,C…….,H
Root Node that does not have any ancestors (parent A
or Grandparent)
Sub tree Internal nodes in a tree which has both B,C,D
ancestor(parent) and descendant(child)
Leaf External nodes that does not have any E,F,G,H
descendant(child)
Edge The line depicts the connectivity between two (A-B),(A-C)…
nodes
Path Sequence of nodes connected A-B-E for E from root
Height Length of the longest path from the root 3
Depth Length of the path to that node from the root 2 for D
Degree of a Number of children connected from that node 3 for A, 1 for B,D, 2 for C
node and 0 for leaves
Degree of a Degree of a node which has maximum degree 3 (since A has Max.
tree degree)
 Binary Tree
 In a binary tree, each node has at most two sub trees.
 A binary tree(T) is a finite set of nodes such that:
 T is empty tree (called empty binary tree)
 T contains a specially designed node called the root of T, and remaining nodes of T
form two disjoint binary trees T1 and T2 which are called left sub tree and right sub tree
respectively.

Note: A binary tree is a tree in which no nodes can have more than two
children.
 Binary Tree Properties

1. A binary tree with n elements, n > 0, has exactly n-1 edges.

2. A binary tree of height h, h >= 0, has at least h and at most 2h-1
elements or nodes in it.
3. The height of a binary tree that contains n elements, n >= 0, is at
least (log2(n+1)) and at most n.

Minimum and Maximum number of elements for height 4

minimum number of elements maximum number of elements

 Difference between tree and binary tree

Trees

1) Treenever be empty.
2) A node may have any no of nodes/children’s .

Binary tree

1) Binary tree may be empty.

2) A node may have at most 2 children's or 0 or1
children.
 Full binary tree
A full binary tree is a tree in which every node other than the leaves has two
children.
Note: All leaves are at same level and all other nodes each have two children.
A full binary tree of height h has exactly 2h-1 nodes.

1 Level 0- 1node

2 3 Level 1- 2nodes

5 6 7 Level 2- 4nodes
4

10 12 13 14 15 Level 3-8nodes
8 9 11
 Complete binary tree
A complete binary tree is a binary tree in which every level is completely
filled except possibly the last level.
In the unfilled level, the nodes are attached starting from the left-most position.

1 Level 0- 1node

2 3 Level 1- 2 nodes

4 5 6 7 Level 2- 4 nodes

8 9 Level 3- 2 nodes
 Balanced Binary Tree
Balanced binary tree is a binary tree in which the left and right sub trees

height must be differed by at most 1.

2 Left sub tree height = 3

3
Right sub tree height = 2

4 5 6 7

Difference = 1
8 9
 Left skewed binary tree
If the right subtree is missing in every node of tree then we
call it as left skewed tree.
A
B
C
 Right skewed binary tree
If the left subtree is missing in every node of a tree then we
call it is right subtree. A
B
C
 Binary Search Tree
A binary search tree is a nonempty binary tree that satisfies the following
properties:
 Each node has a key/element (or value), and no two nodes have the
same key (i.e., all keys are distinct).
 For every node x, all keys/elements in the left sub tree of x are
smaller than x.
 For every node x, all keys in the right sub tree of x are larger than or
equal to x.
 The left and right sub trees of the root are also binary search trees.

Fig (a) is not a BST where as Fig (b) and (c) are BST’s
 Binary Search Tree Operations
1. Searching:
 Search begins at the root.
 If the root is NULL, the search tree is empty and the search fails.
 If key is less than the root, then left subtree is searched.
 If key is greater than the root, then right subtree is searched.
 If key equals the root, then the search terminates successfully.

20
Search for 8

10 40

6 15 30

2 8 25
 Binary Search Tree Operations
2.Insertion:

 To insert a new element into a binary search tree, we must first verify
that its key does not already exist by performing a search in the tree.
 If the search is successful, we do not insert.
 If the search is unsuccessful, then the element is inserted at the point
the search terminated.

Insert 35
20

10 40

6 15 30

2 8 25 35
 Binary Search Tree Operations
3.Deletion:
There are three cases for the element to be deleted:
1. Element is in a leaf.
2. Element is in a degree 1 node (i.e., has exactly one nonempty subtree).
3. Element is in a degree 2 node (i.e., has exactly two nonempty subtrees).

Case 1: Delete from a Leaf.

For case 1, we can simply discard the leaf node.
Example, delete a leaf element. Key = 7.

20

10 40

6 15 30

2 8 18 25 35
7
Case 2: Delete from a Degree 1 Node 20

Delete 40 10 40

6 15 30

2 8 18 25

20
Delete 15
10

6 15 30

2 8 18 25
Case 3: Delete from a Degree 2 Node 20
10 40
6 15 30
2 8 18 25 35
7
Replace with the largest key in the left subtree (or the smallest in the
right subtree)
20

8 40

6 15 30

2 8 18 25 35

7
 Representation of a Binary Tree using Array

Sequential Representation :
 Tree nodes are stored in a linear data structure like array.
 Root node is stored at index ‘0’
 If a node is at a location ‘i’, then its left child is located at 2 * i + 1
and right child is located at 2 * i + 2

The space required by a binary tree of height h is 2h-1.

Example: Sequential representation
0
A

1 2
B D

3
5 G 6
C E

F 12

A B D C . E G . . . . . F

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
 Advantages of array/sequential/static representation
 Any node can be accessed from any other node by calculating the index
and this is efficient from execution point of view.

 There is no overhead of maintaining the pointers.

Disadvantages of Static Representation

 The major disadvantage with this type of representation is wastage of
memory. Example: In the skewed tree, half of the array is unutilized.

 Allows only static representation. There is no possible way to enhance the

size of the tree.

 Inserting a new node and deleting a node from it are inefficient with this
representation because these require considerable data movement up and
down the array which demand excessive processing time.
 Representation of Binary Tree using Linked List

 The most popular way to present a binary tree.

 Each element is represented by a node that has two link fields (leftChild
and rightChild) plus an element field .

 The space required by an n node binary tree is n * sizeof a node.

struct node { /* a node in the tree structure */

struct node *lchild;
int data ;
struct node *rchild;
};
The pointer lchild stores the address of left child node.
The pointer rchild stores the address of right child node.
If child is not available NULL is stored.
A pointer variable root represents the root of the tree.
 Linked Representation of Binary Tree

2
 Advantages of linked representation
 This representation is superior to the array representation as there is no
wastage of memory.

 There is no need to have prior knowledge of depth of the tree. Using

dynamic memory allocation concept one can create as much memory
(node) as required.

 Insertion and deletion which are the most common operations can be
done without moving the other nodes.

Disadvantages of linked representation

 This representation does not provide direct access to a node.

 It needs additional space in each node for storing the left and right
subtrees.
 Binary Tree Traversal Techniques

 There are three recursive techniques for binary tree traversal.

1. Preorder Traversal
2. Inorder Traversal
3. Postorder Traversal
Algorithm preOrder (root)
Traverse a binary tree in root-left-right
Pre Condition: root is the entry node of a tree or subtree
Post Condition: each node has been processed in order
1. if(root is not null)
1. process(root)
2. preOrder(leftsubtree)
3. preOrder(rightsubtree)
2. end if
end preOrder
Algorithm inOrder (root)
Traverse a binary tree in left-root-right
Pre Condition: root is the entry node of a tree or subtree
Post Condition: each node has been processed in order
1. if(root is not null)
1. inOrder(leftsubtree)
2. process(root)
3. inOrder(rightsubtree)
2. end if
end inOrder
Algorithm postOrder (root)
Traverse a binary tree in left-right-root
Pre Condition: root is the entry node of a tree or subtree
Post Condition: each node has been processed in order
1. if(root is not null)
1. postOrder(leftsubtree)
2. postOrder(rightsubtree)
3. process(root)
2. end if
end postOrder
 Preorder of binary tree

B C

D E F G

H J
I

Preorder: A B D E H I C F J K G
 Inorder of binary tree

B C

D E F G

H J
I

Inorder: D B H E I A F K J C G
 Postorder of binary tree

B C

D E F G

H J
I

K
Postorder: D H I E B K J F G C A
Write pre,in and post order of the following tree:

(A-B) + C* (D/E) +

- *

A B C /

D E
Preorder for the following tree

- *

A B C /

D E
Preorder: + - A B * C / D E
Inorder of the following tree

- *

A B C /

D E
Inorder: A - B + C * D / E
Postorder of the following tree

- *

A B C /

D E

Postorder: A B - C D E / * +
/* Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following:
i) Creating a Binary Tree of integers.
ii) Traversing the above binary tree in preorder, inorder and
postorder.*/
bnode* getnode(int ele)
{
bnode *q = (bnode*)malloc(sizeof(bnode));
#include <stdio.h> if(q)
#include <conio.h> {
struct node q -> data = ele;
{ q -> lchild = NULL;
int data; q -> rchild = NULL;
struct node *lchild,*rchild; return q;
}; }
typedef struct node bnode; else
{
printf("\n Unable to create the node");
exit(0);
}
return 0;
}
void preorder(bnode *root)
{
if(root)
{
printf("%5d",root->data); void postorder(bnode *root)
preorder(root->lchild); {
preorder(root->rchild); if(root)
} {
} postorder(root->lchild);
postorder(root->rchild);
void inorder(bnode *root) printf("%5d",root->data);
{ }
if (root) }
{
inorder(root->lchild);
printf("%5d",root->data);
inorder(root->rchild);
}
}
bnode* insert(bnode *root, int ele)
{
if(!root)
{
bnode *q = getnode(ele);
root = q;
}
else
if(root->data < ele)
root->rchild = insert(root->rchild, ele);
else
if(root -> data > ele)
root -> lchild = insert(root -> lchild, ele);
else
{
printf("\n Duplicate data ");
}
return root;
}
void main() {
int ch, ele;
bnode *root = NULL;
printf("\n Binary Search Tree Operations :");
printf("\n\t 1) Insert \n\t 2) Preorder \n\t 3) Inorder\n\t4 ) Postorder \n\t 5)
Exit"); while(1) {
printf("\n Enter your choice :");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch(ch) {
case 1: printf("\n Enter an element :");
scanf("%d", &ele);
root = insert(root, ele); break;
case 2: preorder(root); break;
case 3: inorder(root); break;
case 4: postorder(root); break;
case 5: exit(0);
default : printf("\n Invalid choice.");
}//switch
}
}//main
 Applications of Trees

Trees are very important data structures in computing.

They are suitable for:
– Hierarchical structure representation, e.g.,
• File directory.
• Organizational structure of an institution.
• Class inheritance tree.
– Problem representation, e.g.,
• Expression tree.
• Decision tree.
– Efficient algorithmic solutions, e.g.,
• Search trees.
• Efficient priority queues via heaps.