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CNC 4

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21 views18 pages

CNC 4

Uploaded by

jojoahma7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Numerical

Control
:A Definition
Numerical Control (NC) refers to
the method of controlling the
manufacturing operation by means
of directly inserted coded numerical
instructions into the machine tool.

2
•It is important to realize that
NC is not a machining method,
rather, it is a concept of
machine control.
•Although the most popular
applications of NC are in
machining, NC can be applied
to many other operations,
including welding, sheet
metalworking, riveting, etc.
NUMERICAL
DATA
)NC CODE(

NUMERICAL
MANUFACTURING CONTROLLER
OPERATOR Drive Control

PROCESSED
PART

MACHINE UNIT

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Types of Numerical Control
Conventional Numerical Control (NC)
Distributed Numerical Control (DNC)
Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

5
Conventional Numerical
Control (NC)
Data is sent to the machine tool by
means of punch cards or tapes.
The reader at the machine
performs no calculations or
interpolations.

6
Conventional Numerical
Control (NC)
•The original numerical control
machines were referred to as NC
machine tool.
•They have “hardwired” control,
whereby control is accomplished
through the use of punched paper
(or plastic) tapes or cards.
•Tapes tend to wear, and become
dirty, thus causing misreadings.
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Conventional Numerical
Control (NC)
•Many other problems arise from
the use of NC tapes, for example
the need to manual reload the NC
tapes for each new part and the
lack of program editing abilities,
which increases the lead time.
•The end of NC tapes was the
result of two competing
developments, CNC and DNC.
8
•
Computer Numerical Control
(CNC)
The idea of computer numerical control is
to position a computer right at the
machine tool. Most, if not all machine tools
that are numericaly controlled are CNC
machine tools.

9
Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

 CNC refers to a system that has a local


computer to store all required numerical data.
 While CNC was used to enhance tapes for a
while, they eventually allowed the use of other
storage media, magnetic tapes and hard disks.
 The advantages of CNC systems include but
are not limited to the possibility to store and
execute a number of large programs
(especially if a three or more dimensional
machining of complex shapes is considered),
to allow editing of programs, to execute cycles
of machining commands.
Distributed Numeric Control
(DNC)
Is a method where a single computer
controls many numerical control
machine tools. These machine tools may
or may not be of a similar nature

11
Distributed Numeric Control (DNC)

 The development of CNC over many years, along


with the development of local area networking, has
evolved in the modern concept of DNC.
 Distributed numerical control is similar to CNC,
except a remote computer is used to control a
number of machines.
 An off-site mainframe host computer holds programs
for all parts to be produced in the DNC facility.
 Programs are downloaded from the mainframe
computer, and then the local controller feeds
instructions to the hardwired NC machine.
 The recent developments use a central computer
which communicates with local CNC computers (also
called Direct Numerical Control).
Distributed Numerical Control

Two configurations of DNC: (a) switching network and


(b) LAN. Key: MCU=machine control unit,
MT=machine tool.
Direct Numerical Control
Computer Numerical Control
(CNC)

15
Major Advantages of NC
 Higher precision: NC machine tool are
capable of machining at very close
tolerances, in some operations as small as
0.005 mm;
 Machining of complex three-dimensional
shapes
 Better quality: NC systems are capable of
maintaining constant working conditions for
all parts in a batch thus ensuring less spread
of quality characteristics;
 Higher productivity: NC machine tools
reduce drastically the non machining time.
 Adjusting the machine tool for a different
16
Major Advantages of NC
 Multi-operational machining: some NC
machine tools, for example machine centers,
are capable of accomplishing a very high
number of machining operations thus
reducing significantly the number of
machine tools in the workshops.
 Low operator qualification: the role of the
operation of a NC machine is simply to
upload the workpiece and to download the
finished part. In some cases, industrial
robots are employed for material handling,
thus eliminating the human operator.

17
Applications of Numerical Control

1. Machine tool applications, such as


drilling, milling, turning, and other
metal working
2. Nonmachine tool applications, such as
assembly, drafting, and inspection.

• The common operating feature of NC


in all of these applications is control
of the workhead movement relative
to the workpart.

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