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MPPT

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Hebatallah Faisal
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33 views19 pages

MPPT

Uploaded by

Hebatallah Faisal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MPPT Methods

There are some conventional methods for MPPT. Seven


of them are listed here.
These methods include:
1. Constant voltage method.
2. Open circuit voltage method.
3. Short circuit current method.
4. Perturb and observe method.
5. Incremental conductance method.
6. Temperature method.
7. Temperature parametric method.

The method we are using here in this project is the


Perturb and observe method.
Perturb and observe method
• The Maximum Power Tracker uses an iterative approach
to finding this constantly changing MPP. This iterative
method is called Perterb and Observe or hill climbing
algorithm. To achieve MPPT, the controller adjusts the
voltage by a small amount from the solar panel and
measures power, if the power increases, further
adjustments in the direction are tried until power no
longer increases.
• The voltage to the solar panel is increased initially, if
the output power increase, the voltage is continually
increased until the output power starts decreasing.
Once the output power starts decreasing, the voltage to
the solar panel decreased until maximum power is
reached. This process is continued until the MPPT is
attained. This result is an oscillation of the output power
around the MPP.
Design and Implementation

The input power connector to the solar panels is the screw


terminal JP1 and JP2 is the output screw terminal connector to
the battery. The third connector JP3 is the connection for the
load.
After taking the measurements of voltage and current, the
tracking algorithm (Perturb and Observe) will control the
operation and give orders to the controller.
Buck converter Design
Working Principle
:
• When the MOSFET is ON, current flows through the inductor (L), load (R)
and the output capacitor (C ) as shown in fig-2. In this condition, the
diode is reverse biased. So no current flows through it. During the ON
state magnetic energy is stored in the inductor and electrical energy is
stored in the output capacitor.

• When the MOSFET is off, stored Energy in the Inductor is collapsed and
current complete its path through the diode ( forward-biased) as shown in
fig-3. When stored energy in the inductor vanishes, the stored energy in
the capacitor is supplied to load to maintain the current.

• Synchronous Buck Converter because the diode used to have a


considerable amount of voltage drop which reduced the efficiency of the
Converter. To improve the efficiency a Power electronics switch is used in
its place. Thus a synchronous buck converter is a modified version of the
basic buck converter circuit topology in which the diode, D, is replaced by
an electronics switch like MOSFET( Q2).

• Selecting the frequency: The switching frequency is inversely


proportional to the size of the inductor and capacitor and directly
proportional to the switching losses in MOSFETs. So higher the frequency,
lower the size of the inductor and capacitor but higher switching losses.
So a mutual trade-off between the cost of the components and efficiency
Voltage and Current sensors
• Arduino’s analog inputs can be used to measure DC voltage
between (0 and 5V) when using the standard (5V) analog
reference voltage and this range can be decreased by using
two resistors to create a voltage divider. The capacitors (C3)
and (C4) are used to remove the high frequency .

• We used a Hall Effect current sensor ACS712. The ACS712


sensor reads the current value and convert it into a relevant
voltage value.
MOSFET DRIVER
• A Mosfet driver allows a low current digital output signal from
a Microcontroller to drive the gate of a Mosfet. A 5-volt
digital signal can switch a high voltage MOSFET using the
driver. A MOSFET has a gate capacitance that you need to
charge so that the MOSFET can turn on and discharge it to
switch off, the more current you can provide to the gate the
faster you switching on/off the MOSFET, that is why you use
a driver.

• First, we have to provide power to the gate driver. It is given


on Vcc (pin-1) and its value is between 10-20V as per the
datasheet. The high-frequency PWM signal from Arduino goes
to IN (pin-2). The shut down control signal from the Arduino is
connected to SD ( pin 3).

• The output PWM signals are generated from the HI and LO


pin. This gives the user the opportunity to fine-tune the
dead-band switching of the MOSFETs.

• Charge Pump Circuit : The capacitor connected between VB


and VS along with the diode form the charge pump. This
circuit doubles the input voltage so the high switch can be
driven on. However, this bootstrap circuit only works when
the MOSFETs are switching.
Results & Recommendations
In the test stage of the converter, the results were as the
following figures:

output signal
Output voltage ripple
Output signal at 25% duty
cycle
Output signal at 50% duty
cycle
• The 33uH inductor and 100uf input and 220uF output
electrolytic capacitor as per the schematic. You can also use
0.1uF ceramic capacitors parallel with input and output
capacitors. It will give a better result. But it is not
mandatory.
• Then make the snubber circuit by using a 0.1uF ceramic
capacitor and 200ohm resistor.
• Again check the resistance in between the input rail. It
should be the order of K ohm.
• Now give power to the input rail and Arduino.
• Connect the probe of your scope in between the output
capacitor.
• The result is shown above. The output should be a steady
DC.
Vout = Duty Cycle x Vin
• For example, if I give a 50% duty cycle to a 12 input supply,
the output should be 6V in the scope.
• After confirmed that everything working fine, now we can
add the blocking MOSFET Q1. It is used to block reverse
power from battery to the solar panel during the night.
• Add the third MOSFET Q3 as per schematic. Then place the
470k resistance and diode IN4148.
In the hardware stage we faced several problems, for
example:

1. Making a good inductor is not a simple task. We recommend


to buy a readymade inductor with appropriate rated current.

2. MOSFET (Q3) is burning repeatedly. We added a pull down


resistors at (SD) pin and (IN) pin of MOSFET driver and we
added a diode in place of low side MOSFET. Also, we tried to
modify the existing software but we do not find any
satisfactory results.

3. MOSFET (Q1) conducts even when there is no input.

4. Faulty components, shipping delays and difficulty when


translating the designed schematics to the physical board.

5. Because of the burning of some electronic parts, the costs


have increased and this project become beyond our financial
capabilities as students.
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
CURRENT MEASUREMENT

For current measurement, we used a Hall Effect current sensor


ACS 712 (5A). The ACS712 sensor reads the current value and
convert it into a relevant voltage value, The value that links the
two measurements is sensitivity. You can find it on the datasheet.
Value = (5/1024)*analog read value
If you are not getting 5V from Arduino 5V pin then, value =
( Vmeasured/1024 ) * analog read value
Vmeasured is the voltage in between Arduino pin 5V and GND.
You can measure it by a multimeter.
But as per data sheets offset is 2.5V (When current zero you will
get 2.5V from the sensor's output)
Current in amp = (value-2.5)/0.185

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