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Innovation 1

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Innovation 1

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• Unit 1.

Introduction to Innovation and Technology Adoption


Understanding Technological Change; Technology Evolution;
Technology Adoption and Diffusion; Sources of Innovation
• Unit 2 Coming up with Innovations
• Identifying and Selecting Innovation Projects; Customer Needs ; New
Product Development
• Unit 3: Benefiting from Innovation
• Patents; Trade Secrets, Trademarks, and Copyrights; Capturing Value
from Innovation; Competitive Advantage in High Tech Industries;
Technical Standards; Strategy in Networked Industries
• Unit 4 Formulating Technology Strategy
• Collaboration Strategies; Strategic Human Resource Management of Technical
Professionals; Organization Structure for Technology Strategy
• Unit 5 Innovation
• Concept of Innovation, Scope of innovation, Difference between Invention and
innovation
• Unit 6 Technology
• Indigenous knowledge, technology and initiatives, Appropriate technology, Innovation
and technology adoption in Nepal, Challenges and opportunity, Scale of enterprises
and technology adoption
• Unit 7 Diffusion of innovation
• Diffusion of innovation Theories of diffusion of innovations Theories of innovation
Unit 1. Introduction to
Innovation and
Technology Adoption
Understanding Technological Change
• Defining Technological Change
• Technological change refers to the development and implementation
of new technologies that fundamentally alter the way we live and
work. It impacts society in a variety of ways, from creating new
industries and jobs to changing the way we communicate and interact
with each other. Technological change can also have negative effects,
such as job displacement and increased social isolation.
The Impact of Technological
Change
Technological change has had a profound impact on various industries
and society as a whole. In this section, we will explore some of the key
ways in which technology has transformed our world.
• Industry
Technology has revolutionized the way we work and produce goods.
Automation and robotics have replaced many manual labor jobs,
leading to increased efficiency and productivity. The rise of e-
commerce has also disrupted traditional retail models, with many
consumers opting to shop online rather than in physical stores.
Communication
• Technology has transformed the way we
communicate with each other. The rise of
social media has created new channels for
people to connect and share information.
Video conferencing and messaging apps
have made it easier to stay in touch with
friends, family, and colleagues across the
globe.
• Finance
Technology has also disrupted the
finance industry. Online banking
and mobile payment apps have
made it easier for consumers to
manage their finances on the go.
The rise of cryptocurrency has
created new investment
opportunities and challenged
traditional banking models.
Preparing for Technological Change
• Invest in Employee Training
As technology continues to evolve, it is important to invest in employee
training to ensure they have the skills and knowledge to adapt to new
systems and processe
• Stay Up-to-Date on Industry Trends
Keeping up with the latest industry trends and advancements in
technology can help organizations stay ahead of the curve and prepare
for future changes.
• Every technology was invented to solve a problem. For example, search engines
were created to segregate massive amounts of online data and pick out the most
relevant ones. With every new upgrade, technology keeps improving. Platforms get
better and expand what they can accomplish. The more often this happens,
technology evolves to become the vital necessity it is today.
• As new ideas get transformed into new forms of technologies, these new
technologies are all set to become future mechanisms of future technologies.
Existing technologies progress into something way more powerful and superior
than what we had previously.
• The speed at which technological evolution is taking place is exponential. This
exponential growth is one of the biggest reason that many people are struggling to
keep up. This technology timeline graphic provides an overview which shows just
how fast technology has evolved.
The Internet and the World
Wide Web
The internet and the World Wide Web have had a profound impact on technology,
communication, and society as a whole.
The Internet
• The internet is a global network of computers that allows for the sharing of information
and communication across vast distances. It has revolutionized the way we access and
share information, conduct business, and connect with others around the world.
The World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web, or simply the web, is a system of interconnected documents and
other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. It is accessed through the internet and
has become an integral part of daily life for billions of people around the world. The web
has transformed the way we access and share information, conduct research, and
communicate with others.
• Impact on Technology
The internet and the web have driven technological innovation in countless ways.
They have enabled the development of new technologies, such as cloud
computing, big data, and artificial intelligence. They have also transformed entire
industries, including media, retail, and entertainment.

• Impact on Society
The internet and the web have had a profound impact on society, transforming
the way we interact with each other, work, and consume information. They have
enabled the rise of social media and online communities, as well as remote work
and e-commerce. They have also raised new challenges, such as cybercrime and
online privacy.
• The Rise of Social Media
• Social media has revolutionized the way we interact with each other and
consume information. It has become an integral part of our daily lives and
has had a profound impact on technology.
• Social media platforms have created new opportunities for businesses to
reach their target audience and engage with customers.
• The rise of social media has led to the development of new technologies and
features such as live streaming, augmented reality filters, and more.
• Social media has also had a significant impact on the way we consume news
and information, with many people turning to social media platforms as
their primary source of news.
• The Future of Technology
• As technology continues to evolve at a rapid pace, it's important to look to the future and
examine what the future of technology may hold. Here are some potential advancements
that we may see in the coming years:
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) will become more advanced and integrated into our daily lives,
potentially leading to more efficient and personalized experiences in various industries
such as healthcare and finance.
• Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) will continue to improve, allowing for
more immersive experiences in fields such as gaming, education, and even tourism.
• 5G networks will become more widespread, leading to faster and more reliable internet
connections and enabling new technologies such as self-driving cars and smart cities.
• Quantum computing will become more accessible, potentially revolutionizing industries
such as cybersecurity and drug discovery.
Technology Adoption and Diffusion
• Technology adoption is the successful integration of new technology
into your business. Adoption means more than just using technology.
When you’ve adopted new technology, you’ll use it to its fullest
potential and see the benefits of using the new system.
• For example, if a company wants a new way to track projects, it might
consider purchasing a new project management system. One or two
departments start using the new system. Each department uses it
differently, while other departments continue relying on spreadsheets
and other ad hoc systems. In this case, the company is using the
software, but they haven’t adopted it.
• What is Technology Adoption Life Cycle?
• The Technology Adoption Lifecycle (or the Technology Adoption
Curve) is a sociological model that describes the adoption or
acceptance of a new innovation by certain defined adopter groups –
Innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards.
It places people within any society into one of five different adopter
groups based on how early or how quickly they adopt an innovation.
• What are the technology adoption lifecycle stages?
The technology adoption life cycle consists of 5 stages. These stages are also called adopter
groups.
1. Innovators
• The innovators are a small but important group of people because they’re the first to learn
about and adopt new innovations. They are risk-taking, venturesome, and interested in new
ideas. Innovators are financially equipped to try out new innovations and introduce these
innovations to the larger population by sharing their experiences with their friends and
communities. Innovators represent approximately 2.5% of the total population.
2. Early Adopters
• The early adopters are also a forward-thinking group and are considered the opinion leaders.
They have substantial respect within a community and their endorsement helps in “crossing the
chasm” which is the leap from being a new, little-known product to being well-known and
adopted on a large scale. They represent the next 10 to 15% of the total population to adopt an
innovation or idea.
3. Early Majority
• Although the early majority adopt new innovations or ideas before the average person, they do
so only after careful consideration. They observe other people’s experiences with the product
and will only adopt it once they are convinced it has real benefits. They represent approximately
one-third of the total population.
• 4. Late Majority
• These individuals adopt new ideas shortly after the average person. They want
innovations to be widely used and tested before trying them. They are more
resistant to change and adopt only out of necessity or social pressure. The late
majority represents about one-third of the total population. About two-thirds of
people in a population fall into either the early or late majority groups.
• 5. Laggards
• Finally, the last group of people to adopt a new product are called the laggards.
They are the traditionalists of the population and tend to be suspicious of new
changes. They are grounded in the past and are highly resistant to change. Laggards
wait until innovation is completely mainstream before they adopt it and in some
cases they never do. They make up approximately 16% of the total population.
How Technology Adoption Works

Technology adoption isn’t a once and done task. It’s an ongoing process with
several phases:
• Selection – Before you adopt new technology, you’ll need to select what
technology you want. This phase should include a needs analysis so you can best
identify which technology best solves your business problems.
• Planning – Once you’ve selected your technology, you’ll need to make a plan for
how to implement it. Review your infrastructure, staff, and processes and see
how they’ll need to change as you adopt the new technology.
• Communicating – Communication is one of the most critical aspects of change
management. This is more of an ongoing need than a phase, but it’s essential at
the beginning of a project. Start communicating frequently as you start the
adoption process, so people are informed and prepared for the change.
• Training – You’ll also need to train people on how to use the new technology. You should
plan for how to train before launch and how you’ll continue training people in the post-
implementation phase.
• Testing and Deployment – When you’re ready to start rolling out your new technology, you
can start with a smaller group or department. This beta group can test the technology,
processes, and training. You can use what you learn from this group to make changes before
rolling out to the entire organization.
• Expansion – Once you’ve tested your new technology, you can begin rolling it out
companywide.
• Monitoring – You’ll want to make sure you monitor your progress and use the right tracking
tools to track the right technology adoption metrics to quickly identify issues. Once you
identify problems, you can start the process over again by planning for how to solve the
challenge and then going through the remaining steps to implement the changes.
Technology diffusion
• Technology diffusion is the process by which new technologies are
adopted for use across individual firms or households in a given
market, and across different markets. The most salient facts about
this process are that it always plays out over time, and the time
before adoption is widespread varies greatly across technologies.
• Technology diffuses through four channels: invention, innovation, imitation, and
importation.
1. Invention
• The invention is the first step of technology diffusion. It is a process in which the
Technology itself is created. The invention can come from an individual or a group of
people. It can be something completely new or an improvement on existing technology.
Once the invention occurs, it needs to be patented to protect its intellectual property.
Later, the invention will go through a process called innovation where it’s improved and
made ready for use by society.
2. Innovation
• The next step in Technology diffusion is the innovation process. It involves taking an
invention and making it practical for use. The inventor will make improvements to their
product so that it’s ready for society.
• 3. Imitation
• The next step in technology diffusion is imitation. Imitation is when other countries see how well
the new technology is doing in the country that invented it and they want to start using it too. In
some cases, this can lead to healthy competition between countries as each tries to outdo the
other with their new technology. However, it can also lead to a ” Technology Race “, where
countries are trying to get their hands on new technology before anyone else does, even if they
don’t need it. This can be harmful to a country’s economic development because they’re wasting
resources on something that might not help them in the long run.
• 4. Importation
• The fourth and final step of technology diffusion is importation. Importation is when a country
takes the technology from another country and uses it within its borders. This can be helpful for
countries that aren’t as technologically advanced as others because they can import the latest
technologies and use them to improve their economy. However, there is also a downside to this –
if a country imports too many technologies, it can become overwhelmed and struggle to keep up
with all the changes.
Technology Diffusion Practices

1. Technology Transfer
2. Technology Licensing
3. Organizational Transfer (Organizational transfer occurs when one company decides it wants to
shift its entire research and development (R&D) department over to another firm – this allows
both companies involved in the transaction to benefit from collaboration.)
4. International Technology Agreements
5. Technology Embargoes
• Another practice, when countries stop trading with another country for political or economic
reasons and prevent the spread of that technology across borders. This can be very harmful to
a country’s economy because it limits its access to new technologies and can make it harder for
them to compete with other countries. Technology Embargoes usually happen when a country
feels threatened and doesn’t want to lose its economic or political power – this creates tension
between the two states involved in the embargo which then impacts everyone else as well.
Source of Innovation
Sources of Innovation

• Market and Customer Needs as a Source of Innovation


• The Use of Technology as a Source of Innovation
• Intellectual Property as a Source of Innovation
• New Knowledge as a Source of Innovation
• Collaborations and Partnerships as a Source of Innovation
• Franchising as a Source of Innovation
• Research and Development as a Source of Innovation
• Creative Thinking as a Source of Innovation
• Social and Environmental Needs as a Source of Innovation
• Improving Existing Products or Services as a Source of Innovation
• Disrupting Existing Industries as a Source of Innovation
Market and Customer Needs as a Source of Innovation
One of the most common sources is market and customer needs. Entrepreneurs often identify
new products or services based on customer needs that are not being met by existing businesses.
For example, companies like Airbnb and Uber identified a need for alternative accommodation
and transportation options respectively, and created innovative solutions that disrupted their
respective markets.

The Use of Technology as a Source of Innovation


Entrepreneurs can develop cutting-edge goods or services using new or developing technologies.
For instance, Tesla developed high-performance electric vehicles that are upending the auto
industry with improvements in battery and electric motor technology.
Technology has unquestionably changed the entrepreneurial landscape. For instance, the growth
of e-commerce has given business owners access to a global market, and mobile technology has
made it feasible to do business from any location.
Intellectual Property as a Source of Innovation
• Intellectual property refers to things that are created by the mind, like inventions or
artistic works. Entrepreneurs can protect these things by getting patents, trademarks,
or copyrights. This creates a valuable asset that can be used to inspire innovation.
Some entrepreneurs even use their patents or trademarks to create new products or
services. For instance, Apple’s patent portfolio covering mobile device technologies
allowed for the creation of the iPhone
New Knowledge as a Source of Innovation
• New Knowledge as a Source of Innovation – For entrepreneurs, new knowledge may
be an amazing source of innovation. Entrepreneurs can produce novel products,
services, and processes that can provide them a competitive advantage by remaining
current on the most recent advances in their field and learning new skills and
techniques.
• Collaborations and Partnerships as a Source of Innovation
Because they bring together various viewpoints, abilities, and resources,
collaborations and partnerships may be a potent source of innovation for
entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs can access new ideas, technology, and markets that
they might not have been able to on their own through collaborating with other
people or groups.
• Franchising as a Source of Innovation
Franchising as a Source of Innovation – An entrepreneur, known as a franchisee,
purchases the right to run a business using an established brand and system from a
franchisor, which is a type of business model. The ability to access an established
business model and brand while still being able to contribute their original ideas
and inventions makes franchising a source of innovation for business owners.
• Research and Development as a Source of Innovation
When searching for fresh ideas and advancements, people engage in
research and development (R&D). For business owners, this means they can
create new products or services to address issues or fill market shortages.
Entrepreneurs can remain ahead of the competition and discover fresh
methods to expand their company by investing in R&D.
Creative Thinking as a Source of Innovation
For entrepreneurs, creative thinking may be a tremendous source of
innovation. Entrepreneurs can create distinctive and innovative goods or
services that can address the demands of their clients in novel and
interesting ways by thinking outside the box and coming up with fresh ideas
• Unit 2 Coming up with Innovations
• Identifying and Selecting Innovation Projects; Customer Needs ; New
Product Development
Innovation projects
• Innovation Project means a document proposing implementation
methods of innovation activity programs, resulting in creation of new
or significantly improved products, technologies, processes and
services
• Innovation Project means time-limited research projects designed to
evaluate the effectiveness of new or changed practices in the field of
mental health, with a primary focus on learning rather filling a need
or a gap.
Selection of Innovation Projects
New Product Development
• New Product Development (NPD) is the a set of design, engineering,
and research processes which combine to create and launch a new
product to market. Unlike regular product development, NPD is
specifically about developing a brand new idea and seeing it through
the entire product development process
• New Product Development refers to the complete process of bringing
a new product to market. This can apply to developing an entirely
new product, improving an existing one to keep it attractive and
competitive, or introducing an old product to a new market.
• Unit 3: Benefiting from Innovation
• Patents; Trade Secrets, Trademarks, and Copyrights; Capturing Value
from Innovation; Competitive Advantage in High Tech Industries;
Technical Standards; Strategy in Networked Industries
Patents
• Definition: Exclusive rights granted to inventors for their inventions.
• Purpose: Encourages innovation by providing a limited-time
monopoly.
• Requirements: Novelty, non-obviousness, and industrial applicability.
• Types: Utility patents (functional inventions), design patents
(aesthetic aspects).
Trade Secrets
• Definition: Confidential business information providing a competitive
advantage.
• Examples: Formulas, processes, customer lists.
• Protection: Relies on confidentiality agreements and security
measures.
• Duration: Can last indefinitely if properly maintained.
Trademarks
• Definition: Distinctive symbols, logos, or names identifying goods or
services.
• Purpose: Protects consumers from confusion; builds brand
recognition.
• Registration: Can be registered with government agencies.
• Duration: Renewed indefinitely if used and defended.
Copyrights
• Definition: Protection for original works of authorship.
• Examples: Literary works, music, art, software.
• Rights: Exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, perform, and display.
• Registration: Optional but provides additional legal benefits
Capturing value from innovation
• Capturing value from innovation " refers to the process of translating
innovative ideas and creations into tangible and sustainable value for
individuals, businesses, or society as a whole. It involves strategically
leveraging innovations to achieve economic, social, or competitive
advantages
• 📈 #Incremental innovation – this is the continuous or steady improvement of an
existing product or service to provide more value to consumers. This type of
innovation is characterised by happening in the short-term, and by having a
relatively low technological advancement, and low market impact. An example
could include the development of new medicines within the same therapeutic
class, but which have better side-effect profiles.
• 🏛 #Architectural innovation – this is the modification of existing technologies
for use in entirely new markets. It occurs by changing the design of the product or
service, and occurs in the short to medium term. An example could include the
advent of the smartwatch – here, mobile phone technology was repurposed and
repackaged for use in a watch format.
• ⚡ #Disruptive innovation – this type of innovation occurs when a new technology is created to
serve an existing market, and is characterised by being a more efficient and accessible alternative
to the existing product or service in the market. An example could include the use of artificial
intelligence to analyse large health datasets.

• 🌅 #Radical innovation – this occurs when an organisation targets new markets with new
technologies. It is characterised by a high level of technological advancement, and a high market
impact. Radical innovation completely replaces an existing offering, and is the rarest type of
innovation we see. This is because they are so significantly different from what we are used to,
that they often face the most resistance (and require the longest amount of time before they are
ready for market). Examples of radical innovation could include the introduction and use of x-
rays, or the use of genome sequencing, and once such a radical innovation makes it to market, it
often has implications for multiple sectors and geographies.
Here are key components of
capturing value from innovation:
• Monetization: Converting innovative concepts into revenue streams is a
fundamental aspect of capturing value. This can involve bringing new products or
services to market, licensing intellectual property, or forming strategic
partnerships that generate financial returns.
• Intellectual Property Protection: Safeguarding innovations through mechanisms
such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets is crucial. This
protection ensures that the innovator or organization has exclusive rights to use,
sell, or license their creations, providing a competitive edge.
• Market Positioning: Successful innovation allows companies to differentiate
themselves in the market. Capturing value involves effectively positioning and
marketing innovative products or services to attract customers and gain a
competitive advantage.
• Operational Efficiency: Innovation can enhance internal processes and operations, leading
to increased efficiency and cost savings. Capturing value in this context involves improving
workflows, reducing waste, and optimizing resource utilization.
• Strategic Partnerships and Collaborations: Forming partnerships with other
organizations, research institutions, or startups can amplify the impact of innovation.
Capturing value through collaboration enables access to complementary resources, expertise,
and markets.
• Customer Value: Meeting the needs and preferences of customers through innovative
solutions creates value for both the customers and the innovators. Understanding customer
demands and delivering products or services that address those demands is a critical aspect
of capturing value.
• Continuous Improvement: Capturing value is an ongoing process that involves learning
from successes and failures. Organizations must adapt and evolve their strategies based on
market feedback, technological advancements, and changes in customer preferences.
• Competitive Advantage in High Tech Industries; Technical Standards;
Strategy in Networked Industries
Competitive Advantage in High Tech
Industries
• Unit 4 Formulating Technology Strategy
Collaboration Strategies; Strategic Human Resource Management of
Technical Professionals; Organization Structure for Technology Strategy
What is a Collaboration
Strategy?
• A collaboration strategy is a proper system through which
an organization structures the way a team will work. It is basically
the approach business takes toward teamwork.
• This includes concrete guidelines which dictate aspects like the
interaction between team members, regular feedback, building
fraternity, and ensuring a smooth workflow.
• A collaboration strategy is a reflection of the way a company
strategizes to make the members of a team work together as one to
reach a goal and complete a task.
Benefits of Creating a
Collaboration Strategy
• 1. Increases Employee Engagement
• The very concept of a team and collaboration increases the work
engagement of an employee. This means, more conversations around
the task, how to do it better, and how to make the workflow simpler.
• It not only creates a good environment around the working team
members but also motivates the new people joining the team who
feel the responsibility of matching their peers concerning the work.
• And with an increase in engagement, there is also an improvement in
personal performance as well as a commitment to the project. This
results in efficiency and productivity.
• 2. Positive Attitude Towards Work
• Through good collaboration, there is a feeling of camaraderie and
companionship among the employees. With this feeling, there will be
a significant rise in job satisfaction and a general improvement in the
attitude of the employees towards the work and organization.
• This makes them more dedicated and loyal which is always a good
sign for a company. Energized workers working together with purpose
is a dream of many organizations which can be turned into reality
through an effective collaboration strategy.
• 3. Improves Problem Solving
• Collaboration means that different team members of different skills,
varying experiences, and intelligence work together.
• When a diverse group of people works together, and when there is an
effective collaboration strategy guiding them, cracking problems, from
easy to challenging, is a walk in the park. This is because of all the
different perspectives and ideas that various team members bring to the
table.
• A proper system to manage and filter these ideas and solutions can
solve any problem that a team may face. And this system is a part of a
good collaboration strategy.
How To Build an Effective Collaboration
Strategy? (Process)

• Step 1. Lead from the Front


• Preaching anything – teamwork, punctuality, efficiency, is never the entire solution.
Employees tend to learn better and apply the learnings even better when they see their
leader leading from the front. You must show your employees how to collaborate well as a
team.
• Step 2. Adopt the Values and Mission of the Organization
• The working of any organization is always based on the core values and principles that the
company was made on. This should reflect in the collaboration strategy as well.
• Make sure that you have understood the mission of the company and its core values. The
collaboration strategy should be based along the lines of these values and mission.
• When the employees see the values of the company reflected in the tasks they are doing
and the way they are engaging with their other team members, a sense of purpose will
drive them and make them more productive.
Step 3. Define the Roles in a Team
Step 4. Communicate Openly
Step 5. Promote Creativity
Step 6. Define Team Goals
Step 7. Create a Good Process
Step 8. Reward Effective Collaboration
Step 9. Share Insights, Resources, and Knowledge
Step 10. Provide Regular Feedback
• Strategic human resource management is a process that helps the
human resources department maximize the potential of its workforce
through strategic planning, talent management, leadership
development, organizational design, and performance management.
• In the past, strategic HR management was an administrative function.
Today, HR managers play a critical role in ensuring that the
organization has the right people that help improve business
performance and ensure that it delivers on its mission.
• Strategic human resource management aims to achieve a competitive advantage by creating value for
customers, shareholders, employees, and other stakeholders. The term “strategy” refers to the
organization’s overall plan of action to create value. It is not just one thing; it is a combination of many
things, including:
• Actions are taken by the organization to meet customer needs
• Policies and procedures used to manage the organization
• Processes used to produce goods or services
• Marketing activities used to sell products and services
• Financial decisions made to fund operations
• Organizational structure
• The technology used to support business processes
• People-related issues such as recruitment, selection, training, compensation, benefits, and performance
management
• Legal requirements and regulations affecting the organization
• If you want your business to grow, you must first understand where it stands before developing
a plan. Also, you must know your strengths and weaknesses and then work towards improving
both. You must also identify opportunities to create new products or services.
• If you want to attract more customers, understand what your target market wants and how you
can provide it. It would be best if you also decided which marketing methods would work best.
• To retain current customers, you must first find out why they buy from you instead of
competitors. Then you must figure out ways to keep them satisfied. You may even wish to
consider offering discounts or gifts to reward loyal customers.
• You must also think about motivating your employees to perform well and stay productive. If
you want to hire more qualified candidates, you must first understand the qualities you are
looking for in potential hires. You must also decide if you’re going to use job descriptions or
conduct interviews when hiring.
• Once you have determined your priorities, you can begin to implement changes to improve
results.
• Unit 5 Innovation
• Concept of Innovation, Scope of innovation, Difference between
Invention and innovation
Concept of Innovation
• The word “innovation” is derived from the Latin verb innovare, which
means to renew. In essence, the word has retained its meaning up
until today. Innovation means to improve or to replace something, for
example, a process, a product, or a service. In the context of
companies, however, the term needs a definition. In the complex
context of business, a definition is needed.
• Innovation is a process by which a domain, a product, or a service is
renewed and brought up to date by applying new processes,
introducing new techniques, or establishing successful ideas to create
new value.
• Innovation is defined as the process of bringing about new ideas,
methods, products, services, or solutions that have a significant
positive impact and value. It involves transforming creative concepts
into tangible outcomes that improve efficiency, and effectiveness, or
address unmet needs.
The Different Types of
Innovation
• In the context of businesses, there are different types of innovation.
• Process improvement and organizational innovation: The improvement of
processes through continuous improvement and the development of new
solutions.
• Product development: The development of innovative products or product
features.
• Service innovation: The creation and introduction of new services for customers
and partners.
• Business Model Innovation: The development of innovative business models and
new revenue streams.
• Digitalization and digital transformation also require companies to rethink and
develop new approaches.
Why is innovation so important?

• Organizations have several options to increase their competitiveness: they can strive
for price leadership or develop a strategy of differentiation. In both cases, innovation
is essential.
• Companies that choose price leadership must secure their long-term
competitiveness by developing innovative, highly efficient processes. Process
optimization and continuous improvement in terms of costs are important for them.
• Companies that strive for a differentiation strategy need innovation to develop
unique distinguishing features to their competitors.
• Many start-ups launch their activities by developing an innovative product or service.
• Continuous innovation is, therefore, crucial for all companies. The main difference is
in the focus of the innovation strategy, which varies considerably from company to
company.
Unit 6 Technology
• Indigenous knowledge, technology and initiatives, Appropriate
technology, Innovation and technology adoption in Nepal, Challenges
and opportunity, Scale of enterprises and technology adoption
Knowledge is a process of social construction of ideas about the external world
that guide human action.
• External world: is what is outside the individual and social heads
• Ideas: are in the “heads” of individuals and in social “heads”
• Guide to human action: although the essence of knowledge is ideas in “heads,” it
has a practical character that involves group efforts of cooperation
Knowledge is:
• Process: because it can never be completed nor is it final
• Social construction: is based in the social perception of reality, encoded in
cultural categories communicated in a language shared by a group of people, and
reproduced by knowers or an ‘epistemic’ community.
What is Knowledge?

• Knowledge is “between your two ears”


• Knowledge comes “from the heart”
• Knowledge is a social construction
• Knowledge is power
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
• Indigenous knowledge is a concept that has several definitions in the context of
contemporary theory and praxis related to development and conservation. If we look at the
concept from a historical perspective, we are confronted with several questions: What is
knowledge? What are the main characteristics of indigenous knowledge? What are the
differences between scientific knowledge and indigenous knowledge?
KNOWLEDGE IS “BETWEEN YOUR EARS”
• The first definition emphasizes the, mental, ideational, intellectual, and cognitive nature of
knowledge. When we talk about knowledge, we are referring to ideas, perceptions and
memories that a person captures about reality. There is no knowledge without persons who
mentally perceive and interpret reality. Therefore we can definitively say there is no
knowledge in the books. In order to study indigenous knowledge, we must interact with
persons, face to face, and listen to how they express the contents of their heads. (Roeling,
1988)
KNOWLEDGE COMES “FROM THE HEART”
• This definition refers to the fact that feelings shape ideas, perceptions and memories. A
good example is the concept of emotional intelligence, which is the newest finding of
social psychology and learning theory. It explains that what we know is a capacity from
within, from our sensitivity to unravel problems emotionally and cognitively.
KNOWLEDGE IS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
• Although knowledge is a subjective understanding of the world (each person is able to
perceive, think and feel ideas and memories), no one person alone possesses the
complete meaning of one topic. Knowledge is shared by an “epistemic community,” that
is, each one of the social group knows something. This has an important research
consequence that, in order to study indigenous knowledge, we have to recognize the
existence of different members of a social or ethnic group who give different “versions”
to a topic. Our task is to identify howthese versions are generated, transmitted and used.
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER
• This definition refers to the fact that the ultimate goal of knowledge is
to orient human action. Each person behaves relying on some ideas,
values, perceptions and concepts that he or she selects. Another
related issue to the power dimension of knowledge is the mobilizing
effect of ideas in society. Think about what happens within groups
when they agree about a revolution, peace, mediation, etc. and this is
put into action.
• Technology initiative helps to quantify the active element of Web-
active end users. The idea of initiative in this work includes three
facets: active technology adoption, active technology assimilation,
and active technology dissemination.
Appropriate technology
• Appropriate technology is an ideological movement that involves
small-scale, labor-intensive, energy efficient, environmentally sound,
people-centered, and locally controlled projects

• Appropriate technology projects:


• Use local materials and people-power often taking the form of “earth
building”
• Are culturally sensitive/relevant
• Are used by locals to fill a self-identified need
About Appropriate technology
• https://pachamama.org/appropriate-technology#:~:text=What%20Is
%20Appropriate%20Technology%3F,centered%2C%20and%20locally
%20controlled%20projects.
Challenges and Opportunities
Here are some key points about the barriers to tech adoption in
Nepal:
• Limited Internet Connectivity: ...
• Digital Literacy: ...
• Infrastructure Challenges: ...
• Limited Access to Finance: ...
• Regulations and Policies: ...
• Lack of Skilled Professionals
Scale of enterprises and technology
adoption
• Lets watch a short video for clear understanding……

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