Scribd
Upload
35 views30 pages

Introducing Critical Discourse Analysis

cda

Uploaded by

Nazish Malik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
35 views30 pages

Introducing Critical Discourse Analysis

cda

Uploaded by

Nazish Malik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

Critical Discourse Analysis:

An Introduction

Fizza Farrukh
Wodak’s Definition
• CDA aims to make visible “the
ideological loading of particular
ways of using language and the
relations of power” which
underlie them (Wodak, 1997, p.
258).
Van Dijk’s Definition
• CDA is used to analyze texts in order
to discover what “structures,
strategies or other properties of text,
talk, verbal interaction or
communicative events play a role” in
production or reproduction of
unequal power relations (Van Dijk,
1993, p. 250)
Fairclough’s Definition
• His approach is “to make visible
through analysis, and to criticize,
connections between properties of texts
and social processes and relations
(ideologies, power relations) which
are generally not obvious to people who
produce and interpret those texts, and
whose effectiveness depends upon this
opacity” (Fairclough, 1995b, p. 97).
Foucault’s Definition
• Foucault takes the most radical
departure.

1. Refuses to link "ideology" with any


rigid, settled notion of truth

2. Truth is produced and reproduced by


the adherents of ideology.
Foucault’s Definition

3. Foucault came eventually to drop


the use of ideology for his preferred
term, "discourse."

4. Foucault extends discourse into the


way knowledge is produced.
Language in CDA
• “language is conceived as one
element of the social process
dialectically interconnected
with others” (Fairclough &
Graham, 2002, p. 188)
BACKGROUND
Background
• CDA emerged from the school of
critical linguistics (Kress & Hodge,
1979; Fowler et al., 1979) which drew
upon Halliday’s (1978, 1985)
systemic functional linguistics and
theories of ideologies (Fairclough,
1993; Rogers, 2003).
Critical Linguistics?
• Critical linguistics highlights power
and ideology, and aims at
“recovering the social meanings
expressed in discourse by analyzing
the linguistic structures in the light of
their interest and wider social
context” (Fowler et al., 1979, pp.
195- 196).
Althusser’s Contribution
• Althusser’s (1971) Marxist
theory of ideology has influenced
critical discourse analysis which
views “ideologies not as a nebulous
realm of ‘ideas’ but as tied to
material practices embedded in
social institutions (how teaching is
organized in classrooms, for
instance)” (Fairclough & Wodak,
1997, p. 261).
Althusser’s take on Marxism

political
economic ideological

Capitalist
structure
levels
Foucault’s Orders of
Discourse
• For example, “the order of discourse
that organizes, say a university will
be characterized by a host of
interrelated textual practices such as
the discourses of essays, meetings,
lectures, seminars, administrative
texts and so on” (Simpson & Mayr,
2010, p. 53).
PRINCIPLES OF CDA
Principles of CDA
Fairclough and Wodak (1997)
1. CDA addresses social problems.
2. Power relations are discursive.
3. Discourse is in a dialectical relationship with
society and culture.
4. Discourse does ideological work.
Ideologies refer to as “particular ways of
representing and constructing society which
reproduce unequal relations of power,
relations of domination and exploitation”
(Fairclough & Wodak, 1997, p. 275).
Principles of CDA
Fairclough and Wodak (1997)
5. Discourse is historical (context-bound).
6. Discourse is a form of social action.
7. CDA explains how power abuse is enacted.
8. CDA aims to find out “unequal relations of
power”
9. But it also aims “to reveal the role of discourse
in reproducing or challenging socio-political
dominance” (Garret & Bell, 1998, p. 6).
10. Discourse is textual, interpretative and
explanatory.
FAIRCLOUGH’S CRITICAL
APPROACH (2001)
Fairclough’s criticism
Saussure’s
Syntax Langue
and Parole

Phonology
Socio-
&
linguistics
Phonetics

Morpholog
y
Fairclough (2001)
• Discourse is viewed as “a form of
social practice”

Immediate
Social Social Society as a
Environmen Institution Whole
t
Fairclough (2001)
• Intertextuality
• Acts as a bridge:

• between language and social


contexts
• or between texts and discourse
contexts
Fairclough (2001)
• The concept of dominance and
hegemony is employed in analyzing
orders of discourse.

• Dominance?

• Hegemony?
Fairclough (2001)
• Interdiscursivity

• “interdiscursivity of a text is a part of


its intertextuality, a question of
which genres, discourses and styles
it draws upon, and how it works them
into particular articulations”
WODAK’S DISCOURSE-
HISTORICAL APPROACH
Wodak’s Discourse-historical
Approach (2001)

dialectical
relationship
between

fields of
action
(situations, discursive
institutional practices
and social
structures)
• Wodak (2001) views texts as the
products of discourse and defines
texts “as materially durable
products of linguistic actions” (p.
66).
Triangulated Approach

(1) “the immediate language or text


internal co-text”;

(2) “the intertextual and


interdiscursive relationship between
utterances, texts, genres and
discourses”;

(3) the social/sociological variables


and institutional frames of a
particular context of situation;

(4) the broader socio-political and


historical context which the discursive
practices are embedded within and
related to.
Wodak et al. (2009, p. 33)
macro-strategies:

unification, identification
constructive strategies and solidarity, as well as
differentiation.

“reproduce a threatened
national identity i.e., to
perpetuating strategies
preserve, support and
protect it.”

“problematical
action/events in narrative
strategies of justification
creation of national
history.”

“to transform a rwell-


established national
transformational identity into another
strategies identity which the speaker
has already
conceptualised.”

“aim at dismantling of an
destructive strategies existing national identity
construct.”
Discursive construction of National Identity
- Deixis (Wodak, 2009)

1. Personal
reference

2. Spatial reference

3. Temporal
reference
Thank you

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy