Disaster Risk

Reduction and
Management Plans
and Strategies
 Lesson 1: Disaster Risk Reduction
Objectives:and Management
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to:
 Discuss the key concepts, principles, and
elements of DRRM.
 Recognize the importance of DRRM.
 Discuss different community-based practices
for managing disaster risk to specific
hazards.
 Develop a community preparedness plan.
 Prepare survival kits and materials for one’s
 “Reducing disaster risk and
increasing resilience to natural
hazards in different
development sectors can have
multiplier effects and accelerate
achievement of the millennium
development goals. “

-Ban Ki-moon
(Secretary General of the United Nations)
 Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management
- a systematic approach to identifying,
assessing, and implementing strategies
and plans that aims to reduce the
damage caused by natural hazards.
- it includes the concepts of mitigating
and preparing for the adverse impacts of
hazards, reducing vulnerabilities to
hazards, wise management of and land
and the environment, and increasing
disaster resilience of communities,
 The United Nations International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction
-
(UNISDR)
Created by The United Nations (UN) General Assembly in
1999 as part of the UN Secretariat.
- aims to guide and coordinate the efforts of a wide range of
partners to achieve substantive reduction in disaster
losses and build resilient nations and communities as an
essential condition for sustainable development.
Objectives:
1. Climate change adaptation
2. Increasing investments for DRRM
3. Building disaster-resilient cities, schools, and hospitals
4. strengthening the international system for DRRM.
 Importance of DRRM
DRRM should be given utmost priority, especially in the
Philippines, because of the following reasons:
1. The Philippines, by virtue of its geographical location, is
exposed to numerous geological and
hydrometeorological hazards. To lower the risks of
disasters brought by these natural hazards, it is
important that a DRRM be in place.
2. The Philippines, being a developing country, may not
have enough materials and support to address the
immediate needs of disaster victims and to recover from
the damage of the disaster. To be prepared for the
potential damage of disasters, a DRRM needs to be
implemented.
 Key Principles of DRRM
1. Development can either increase or decrease
disaster risk.
2. DRRM policies, laws, and regulations will not save
lives unless implemented in communities.
“Action” is the most important component of
DRRM. Actions could take the form of drills or the
actual implementation of the disaster plan.
3. The community is the front line of disaster risk
management.
4. DRRM is not a stand-alone activity.
5. The main objective of DRRM is to build a
resilient community.
 Elements of DRRM Plans
DRRM plan - covers all stages of
development from planning all the way
to execution.
- it also incorporates feedback,
recommendations, and guidance
taken from various sectors of the
society.
- it is a cyclic process of updating
information and plans to make the
 The following are the basic elements of a DRRM
plan, in order of execution:

1. Assessment and analysis – This is also known as the

needs and risk assessment. Risks are identified and
assessed based on the following:
a. Hazard profile – likelihood, frequency, severity,
warning, and likely impact of the hazard(s)
b. Vulnerability of the area – exposure of the community
or other elements to the identified hazard and how they
could be affected, whether directly or indirectly
c. Capacity of the community – identification of all
available and accessible facilities and services that can
minimize or prevent the hazard from turning into a
disaster
 Design
This is modeled on the findings from the Assessment
and Analysis stage. It should include, at the
minimum, the following components:
a. issues identified during the analysis;
b. identification of responsibility, priorities, and
competencies of individuals and institutions or
agencies carrying out the task;
c. identification of other programs and strategies that
may complement, add, or duplicate with other
programs;
d. potential partners, allies, and networks; and
 Results of implementation
– implementing the DRRM plan is
usually in the form of a drill.
Regular implementation is important
because new conditions or
unforeseen situations always arise
in communities because of their
dynamism.
Community-based DRRM

This is essential to develop,

implement, and maintain an
effective early warning system
in a hazard-prone community.
 The key components of a community
preparedness plan are the following:
I. Community Profile
A. Identification of vulnerable communities
This accounts for all communities within the area and their
levels of exposure to an identified hazard.
B. Manpower
1. Rescue team
Trained personnel or experts are designated to form a
team for the following:
A. Search and rescue
B. Medical assistance
C. Relief distribution
2. Relational connectivity with local authorities, NGOs, etc.
II. Physical Infrastructure
This is the identification of both
vertical (buildings, poles, and trees)
and horizontal (roads, cable wires,
pipes, and bridges) infrastructure
and natural elements that may be
affected or can cause disaster from
a hazard.
 III. Risk Assessment
This assessment, done by the
experts identified in the Manpower
section, includes comprehensive
and specific discussions on risk
assessments, risk reduction,
disaster preparedness, and risk
management plans before, during,
and after the disaster.
IV. Early Warning Systems
(EWS)

the provision of information

about an imminent hazard that
is likely to affect a community.
V. Emergency Response Protocol
A. Search and Rescue
Objective: Search for and provide immediate aid
to survivors of a disaster.
To ensure their safety, the rescuers should
observe the following:
1. Wear protective gear at all times.
2. Constantly monitor for vital signs.
3. Decontamination of rescuers and their
equipment should be done before leaving the
rescue site to prevent the spread of health
hazards or secondary contamination.
B. Needs of survivors
1. Clean, potable water
2. Ready-to-eat food
3. Huge, secured, and safe
evacuation centers
4. Visible, accessible, and equipped
health care providers
5. Debriefing
C. Survival kits and materials
 D. General evacuation procedures
The following are general guidelines that need to be remembered and
followed in an evacuation:
1. Be aware of the emergency exits and waring calls of the buildings you
frequently go to.
2. When emergency alarms are sounded, keep calm and try to keep others
calm, too.
3. Exit the buildings using the stairwells. NEVER use the elevator.
4. If there is a DRRM personnel directing people on what to do, follow his
or her instructions to facilitate a systematic and orderly evacuation or
DRRM procedure.
5. Once in the assembly area, notify authorities of people who need
assistance such as the injured, trapped, or disabled.
6. Never reenter the building unless it has been declared safe by authorities.
 VI. Recovery Plans
This is the process of gradually
restoring the community to return to
its predisaster level of functioning.

VII. Community Disaster

Reduction Fund
It is important to develop a
comprehensive DRRM plan before,
 Lesson 2: Government Policies and
Services toward Managing Disasters
Objectives:
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to:
1.Explain DRRM-related laws and
policies.
2.Avail of existing DRRM-related
services, programs, and projects.
3.Abide by public policies of DRRM.
 General Profile of Disaster Risks
in the Philippines
From the hydrometeorological perspective, typhoons alone
have negatively affected agriculture, infrastructure, and
private properties, and they have induced more hazards such
as flood and landslides. Within the period from 1997 to 2007,
84 tropical cyclones had been recorded by PAGASA, and these
have caused economic losses amounting to more than 150
billion pesos, according to the National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Council (NDRRMC). Worse, recent monsoons
have caused massive flash flooding, landslides, and storm
surges in areas that have had no previous incidents. Thus,
more areas have higher vulnerability now because of lack of
disaster preparedness for these calamities.
 The Hyogo Framework for Action
(HFA)
The following HFA priorities were endorsed by the UN General
Assembly following the World Disaster Reduction Conference
of 2005:

Primary action 1: Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a

national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for
implementation.
Primary action 2: Identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks
and enhance early warning.
Primary action 3: Use knowledge, innovation, and education
to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels.
Primary action 4: Reduce the underlying risk factors.
Primary action 5: Strengthen disaster preparedness for
effective response at all levels.
Relevant Laws Associated with
Disasters

Climate Change Act of 2009, also

known as RA 9729
-This law recognizes the
constitutional right of the people to
have a cleaner environment.
 Relevant Laws Associated with
Disasters

The People’s Survival Fund Act of

2011, also known as RA 10174
- This law was established to help
achieve the objectives of the climate
change adaptation programs.
 Relevant Laws ssociated with
Disasters
The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010, also known as RA
10121
Following this law is the birth of the NDRRMC. The key
objective of the organization is “to strengthen the capacity
of the national government and the local government
units (LGUs), together with partner stakeholders, to build
the disaster resilience of communities, and to
institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing
disaster risks, including projected climate risks, and
 Thematic Areas of the NDRRMC

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Managed by the DOST, the main objective of this ar
assess and address potential impacts of a disaster b
wering vulnerabilities and exposure and enhancing
pacities of the communities.
 Thematic Areas of the NDRRMC

Disaster Preparedness
Managed by the DILG, the main objective of this area
build and strengthen capacities of the communities t
icipate, handle, and recover from the negative effec
emergency occurrences and disasters.
 Thematic Areas of the NDRRMC

3. Disaster Response
- Managed by the DSWD, the main
objective of this
area is to provide all means to preserve life
and meet the immediate basic needs of the
victims of disaster or those
in distress.
 Thematic Areas of the NDRRMC

4. Rehabilitation and Recovery

- Managed by the NEDA, the main
objective of this area is to construct,
rehabilitate, restore, and improve
facilities, livelihood, and living
conditions of the organizational
capacities of the affected communities.
 DRRM Policies and Regulations
Declaration of “State of Emergency”
- This declaration is a warning given
to the people to adjust or change their
normal operations and behavior. It also
instructs certain government agencies to
implement their emergency plans.
 Provincial governors are given the
authority to carry out emergency measures
needed in the aftermath of the disaster
such as the following:
a. Procurement or purchase of relief
supplies and emergency materials without
public bidding, regardless of amount, as
long as these are absolutely indispensable
and urgent to prevent imminent danger or
loss of life and property.
b. Disbursement of local funds by the local
The Calamity and Quick Response Funds

The Calamity Fund (CF) is a reserved fund to be used for

the purpose of covering expenses related to assistance,
relief, and rehabilitation of communities that are affected
by natural and man-made hazards.
NDRRMC – which was chosen to lead in all disaster risk-
related activities, manages this fund
Secretary of National Defense – is the chairperson of the
NDRRMC
The heads of the following government agencies are the
vice-chairpersons:
1. DILG - (Department of the Interior and Local
Government)
2. DSWD - (Department of Social Welfare and
Development)
Quick Response Fund – is a standby fund
reserved by government agencies for
catastrophes and calamities that require
immediate response.
Agencies that have this built-in QRF are:
1. DPWH - (Department of
Public Works and Highways)
2. DND-OSEC - (Department of
National Defense)
3. DepEd - (Department of
Education)
Handling of Humanitarian
Assistance
The United Nations Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(OCHA)
- was created in 2007 for response
preparedness for frequent natural
hazards
- it assisted in resolving the conflict
Prohibited Acts during a Disaster
1. Negligence of duties or tasks
leading to destruction, loss of lives,
critical damage of facilities, and
misuse of funds;
2. Prevention of entry and distribution
of relief goods in disaster-stricken
areas.
3. Seizure, purchase, consumption, or
Prohibited Acts during a Disaster
4. Diversion or misdelivery of relief goods, equipment, or
other forms of assistance aside from the rightful recipients;
5. Misrepresentation of the source of relief goods,
equipment, and other forms of assistance by tampering with,
covering, replacing, or defacing labels, or repacking goods;
6. Substitution or replacement of relief goods with items that
are cheaper or inferior in quality;
7. Illegal solicitation from other institutions/organizations or
using false or inflated data to request for funding, relief
goods, equipment, and other forms of assistance; and
8. Instances of tampering with or stealing hazard-monitoring
and disaster-preparedness equipment and accessories.
DRRM Education
A. Improvement of Physical Structures
In 2007, DepEd initiated the mainstreaming
of disaster risk reduction management in the
school system in the Philippines. DepEd
decentralizes the construction programs of school
buildings, encouraging the active participation of
the community. There are two types of plans for
specification designs of public schools
recommended.
1. Standard Building Plan – The usual simple
design for any public school building in the
Philippines is a 7 m x 7 m classroom for rural
2. Special Building Plan – Upon the approval of
DepEd, this is the required design to be followed by
schools that have higher vulnerability and exposure to
danger for occupants during hazards.
Considerations in the Planning of the School
Building
a. Soil stability
b. Wind forces
c. Floods
B. Development of DRRM Curriculum Materials
DRRM is now integrated in science and social studies
subjects in grade 7 (junior high school). Aside from this, a
separate subject is required in disaster readiness and risk
reduction in senior high school.

C. Teacher Training and Curriculum Development

Teachers and education supervisors are also required to
regularly attend trainings and seminar workshops to strengthen
their capacity for technical understanding of hazards and
prevention and mitigation measures.
NDRRM Plans for 2011-2028
The NDRRM Plan (NDRRMP) goes around the vision of “safer,
adaptive, and disaster resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable
development. It should be guided by good governance principles of
poverty alleviation and environmental protection for it to work effectively.
The NDRRMP is also specific in its layout of plans; thus it is
divided into three timelines:

Short-term 2011-2013
Medium-term 2014-2016 (Goal: Millenium Development Goals and
Hyogo Framework for Action)
Long-term 2017-2028 (Goal: National Climate Change Action Plan)
Here’s an excerpt of the news report of Ina Reformina (ABS-CBN, 2008) titled
“Methane buildup-not bomb-caused 2007 Glorietta Blast”.

“MANILA, Philippines (2nd UPDATE) – The explosion that rocked Glorietta 2 on

October 19, 2007 was caused by methane gas and not a bomb.
…the DOJ report said that biogas and other volatile compounds accumulated
in the basement of Glorietta 2 because instead of the usual 5 pumps operating used to
drain its kitchen and sewer waste system, only one pump was working from June to
September 2007. This was compounded by the absence of a ventilation and exhaust
system.
This led methane to reach combustion level. There was also the presence of
diesel fumes coming from the diesel tank.
Possible ignition sources were identified as open switches, motor pumps,
circuit breakers and other electrical devices present.”

In this article, kit is clear that the fire was induced by man-made causes.
Identify and explain the sources of the three components that make up the fire
triangle. What preventive measures should have been taken to avoid the disaster?
THANK YOU!

MAÁM JO ANN R.
MAPUTI