Syllabus of UNIT II

Computer Network
• Unit II: Computer Networks
• ● Evolution of Networking: ARPANET, Internet, Interspace Different ways of sending data across the network
with reference to switching techniques (Circuit and Packet switching).
• ● Data Communication terminologies: Concept of Channel, Bandwidth (Hz, KHz, MHz) and Data transfer rate
(bps, Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps).
• ● Transmission media: Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, infrared, radio link, microwave link and
satellite link.
• ● Network devices: Modem, RJ45 connector, Ethernet Card, Router, Switch, Gateway, WiFi card.
• ● Network Topologies and types: Bus, Star, Tree, PAN, LAN, WAN, MAN.
• ● Network Protocol: TCP/IP, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), PPP, HTTP, SMTP, POP3, Remote Login (Telnet)
and Internet, Wireless / Mobile Communication protocol such as GSM, GPRS and WLL.
• ● Mobile Telecommunication Technologies: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G; Mobile processors; Electronic mail
protocols such as SMTP, POP3, Protocols for Chat and Video Conferencing: VoIP, Wireless technologies such
as Wi-Fi and WiMax 7
• ● Network Security Concepts: Threats and prevention from Viruses, Worms, Trojan horse, Spams Use of
Cookies, Protection using Firewall, https; India IT Act, Cyber Law, Cyber Crimes, IPR issues, hacking.
• ● Introduction To Web services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language
(XML); Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP); Domain Names; URL; Website, Web browser, Web Servers;
Web Hosting, Web Scripting – Client side (VB Script, Java Script, PHP) and Server side (ASP, JSP, PHP), Web
2.0 (for social networking)
• ● E-commerce payment transactions using online banking, mobile banking, payment apps and services.
 Network Protocols

• Network protocols are sets of rules and

regulations that dictate how to format ,transmit
and receive data on computer network
devices–like servers ,routers to end points—
can communicate regardless of the differences
in their infrastructures, designs or standards.
• To successfully send or receive information ,
network devices must accept and follow
protocol conventions
TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol)-
Alsoreferred to as the Internet Protocol Suite ,is the
World Wide Web's core communication system
which enables every Internet-based device to
communicate with every other such devices
simultaneously.

• HowTCP/IP WORKS-works TCP/IP is a two-

layered program :the higher layer (TCP)
disassembles message content into small "data
packets“ that are then transmitted over the Internet
to be re-assembled by the receiving computer's TCP
back into the message's original form.
• FTP–FTP, or File Transfer Protocol ,is one of the standard
internet protocols used to transfer data files between a client
(FTP client) and a server (FTP server) over a computer network
. It was developed in the early 1970s by Abhay Bhushan
(alumni IITKanpur ) , while he was a student at MIT .FTP was
initially created to allow for the secure transfer of files between
servers and host computers over the ARPANET Network
Control Program (a pre cursor to the modern.FTP is available in
two mode–text mode ftp (where user have to give commands in
text form ) and GUI ftp ( graphical interaction is possible ).
• Some of the more popular ,and reliable ,FTP Clients currently
operating in the industry are FileZilla, WinSCP, Cyberduck ,
gFTP
• Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is an open standard protocol that is mostly used
to provide connections over point-to-point serial links .

• HTTP-HTTP stands for hyper text transfer protocol and is used to transfer data
across the Web . It allow users of the World Wide Web to exchange
information found on web pages .When accessing any web page entering
http:// in front of the address tells the browser to communicate over HTTP.

• Remote login–A remote login facility permits a user who is using one
computer to login to remote computer or interact with a program on another
computer . Command given at remote location is processed by server and
result displayed over remote location.

• Telnet–Telnet is most popular protocol for accessing remote site / server .

Using telnet client software on our computer, we can make a connection to a
telnet server (that is ,the remote host ) . Once our telnet client establishes a
connection to the remote host ,our client becomes a virtual terminal ,allowing
us to communicate with the remote host from our computer.
Wireless/Mobile Communication Protocol

• Wireless communications is a type of data

communication that is performed and delivered
wirelessly between mobile devices.
• The network architecture used is unique in that it
separates the mobile network(s) from fixed
networks and provides connectivity between the
two via the protocols specially used for wireless /
mobile communication which are not as
wireless /mobile communication protocol. E.g. of
such protocols are GSM, GPRS and WLL.
• GSM-Global System for Mobile Communications ,is a standard
developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
for 2G cellular networks for mobile phones.
It initially started as a circuit switching network ,but later packet switching
was implemented after integration General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
technology as well . GSM mobile use SIM cards-Subscriber Identity
Module card is a tiny ,portable memory chip that stores information about
you as a cell phone user. On it, there’s a seventeen-digit code that designates
its country code of origin ,the system carrier and a unique user ID.
• GPRS-General Packet Radio Service ,In GSM cell phone systems ,there
will always be idle radio capacity .Which is not being used and it stays
unused until other cell phone users decide to make phone calls. GPRS uses
this idle radio capacity to establish a data network to be used for data
transmission(115kbps).
• WLL: Wireless In Local Loop : Initially, the telephones were connected
via copper cables but with WLL protocol telephones with WLL support can
be used while roaming. However, this was quite inefficient when it has to
cover a bigger ground ,probably that’s why it became obsolete.
1G,2G,3G,4G,5G(Generations)
• Mobile processors ,also known as chipset, is a
component that controls everything going on in your
smart phone and ensures it functions correctly.
• Processors based on specs–Cores and clock speed
• A processor performance mostly depends on two
specifications ; the number of cores and the clock
speeds. A core is an element of the processor that
implements and executes tasks. Smart phones
today ,come with multiple cores .Each core is designed
to handle and execute tasks.More the number of cores ,
more and heavier apps it can e.g. dual-core(two),quad-
core(four)and octa-core(eight), hexa-core(six).etc.
 Email Protocols

Email–Electronic mail is a facility that allows users to

transmit messages across the internet in fast and secure
manner.

Working Of E-mail
• SMTP–Most of the internet systems use SMTP as a method to
transfer mail from one user to another . SMTP is a push
protocol and is used to send the mail to email server .it is
usually used with one of two other protocols ,POP3 or
IMAP ,that let the user save messages in a server mail box and
download them periodically from the server.

• POP3–Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a standard mail

protocol used to receive emails from a remote server to a local
email client . POP3 allows us to download email messages on
our local computer and read them even when we are offline.
 Protocols for chat & video conferencing

• VOIP–Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) ,is a technology

that allows us to make voice calls using a broadband Internet
connection instead of a regular (or analog)phone line.
• VoIP services convert our voice into a digital signal that
travels over the Internet . If we are calling a regular phone
number ,the signal is converted to a regular telephone signal
before it reaches the destination. VoIP can allow us to make a
call directly from a computer ,a special VoIP phone.
• Services provided byVOIP–Phone to phone ,pc to
phone ,phone to pc, voice to email ,ip phone,toll free
number,call center applications, vpn ,unified messaging etc.
• Video conferencing: is a technology that allows users in different
locations to hold face-to-face meetings without having to move to a
single location together. This technology is particularly convenient for
business users in different cities or even different countries because it
saves time, expenses, and hassles associated with business travel.
• Protocols used for Video Conferencing are
• Session Initiation Protocol(SIP), H.323

• Online chat may refer to any kind of communication over the

Internet that offers a real-time transmission of text messages from
sender to receiver. Chat messages are generally short in order to
enable other participants to respond quickly.
• Protocols used for Chatting are
• IRC (Internet Relay Chat) , XMPP (Extensible Messaging and
Presence Protocol)
THANKS