OSI AND TCP

MODEL
BY
CHERISHMA
OSI Model
• The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that
divides network communication into seven distinct layers, each with its own
specialized functions. This layered approach allows for a more systematic and
modular approach to networking,enabling seamless data transfer between
devices.
• When we transfer information from one device to another, it travels through 7
layers of OSI model. First data travels down through 7 layers from the sender’s
end and then climbs back 7 layers on the receiver’s end.
• Data flows through the OSI model in a step-by-step process:
1.Application Layer: Applications create the data.
2.Presentation Layer: Data is formatted and encrypted.
3.Session Layer: Connections are established and managed.
4.Transport Layer: Data is broken into segments for reliable delivery.
5.Network Layer : Segments are packaged into packets and routed.
6.Data Link Layer: Packets are framed and sent to the next device.
 Different Layers of OSI Model
The OSI model consists of seven
abstraction layers arranged in a top-
down order:
1.Physical Layer
2.Data Link Layer
3.Network Layer
4.Transport Layer
5.Session Layer
6.Presentation Layer
7.Application Layer
 Physical Layer
• The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer.
• It is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to the next. When receiving
data, this layer will get the signal received and convert it into 0s and 1s and send them to
the Data Link layer, which will put the frame back together.
• Functions of the Physical Layer

1. Bit Synchronization: Provides a clock for synchronizing bits between sender and receiver.

2. Bit Rate Control: Defines the transmission rate (number of bits sent per second).

3. Physical Topologies: Specifies how devices are arranged in a network (e.g., bus, star,
mesh).

4. Transmission Mode: Determines data flow between devices:

- Simplex: One-way communication
- Half-Duplex: Two-way communication, but not at the same time
- Full-Duplex: Two-way communication simultaneously
• Hub, Repeater, Modem, and Cables are Physical Layer devices.
 Data Link Layer
• The data link layer is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of the message
• .When a packet arrives in a network, it is the responsibility of the DLL to transmit it to the Host
using its MAC address .
• Packet in the Data Link layer is referred to as Frame.
• The packet received from the Network layer is further divided into frames depending on the
frame size of the NIC(Network Interface Card).
• Functions of the Data Link Layer
1.Framing: Encapsulates data into frames with special bit patterns to indicate start and end.
2.Physical Addressing: Adds MAC addresses of sender and receiver in the frame header.
3.Error Control: Detects and retransmits damaged or lost frames.
4.Flow Control: Manages data transmission rates to prevent overflow and ensure
acknowledgment.
5.Access Control: Determines which device can use the shared communication channel at
any time.
• Switch & Bridge are Data Link Layer devices.
 Network Layer
• The network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other located
in different networks.
• It also takes care of packet routing.
• Data in the Network layer is referred to as Packet .
• Functions of the Network Layer
1.Routing: Determines the best path for data from source to destination.
2.Logical Addressing: Assigns unique IP addresses to devices, included in the
header to identify sender and receiver.
• Network layer is implemented by networking devices such as routers and switches.
 Transport Layer
• The transport layer is called as Heart of the OSI model.
• The transport layer provides services to the application layer and takes services from the network layer.
• The data in the transport layer is referred to as Segments .
• It is responsible for the end-to-end delivery of the complete message.
• The transport layer also provides the acknowledgment of the successful data transmission and re-transmits the data if
an error is found.
• Functions of the Transport Layer
1.Data Segmentation:Breaks messages from the session layer into smaller, manageable segments. Each segment
includes a header with control information.
2.Reassembly:At the receiver's side, the transport layer reassembles the segments into the original complete
message.
3.Service Point Addressing:Includes port numbers in the header to ensure the message is delivered to the correct
application process.
• Services Provided by Transport Layer are:
1.Connection-Oriented Service
2.Connectionless Service
• Connection-Oriented Service: It is a three-phase process that includes:
Connection Establishment
Data Transfer
Termination/disconnection
• Connectionless service: It is a one-phase process and includes Data Transfer.
 Session Layer
• This layer is responsible for the establishment of connection, maintenance of sessions, and
authentication, and also ensures security.
• Functions of the Session Layer
1. Session Establishment, Maintenance, and Termination: Facilitates the creation, management,
and closure of connections between processes.
2.Synchronization: Enables the addition of checkpoints in data streams to identify errors and
ensure proper resynchronization, preventing data loss.
3.Dialog Controller: Manages communication modes between systems, allowing for half-duplex or
full-duplex interactions.
• Used in NetBIOS, PPTP.
 Presentation Layer
• The presentation layer is also called the Translation layer .
• The data from the application layer is extracted here and manipulated as per the required format to
transmit over the network.
• Functions of the Presentation Layer
1.Translation: : Ensures that data can be correctly interpreted by various devices and
applications.
2.Encryption/ Decryption: Data encryption translates the data into another form or code.
The encrypted data is known as the ciphertext and the decrypted data is known as plain text. A key
value is used for encrypting as well as decrypting data.
3.Compression: Reduces the number of bits that need to be transmitted on the network.

• Used in JPEG,GIF.
 Application Layer
• At the very top of the OSI Model is the Application Layer which is implemented by the network
applications.
• The application Layer is also called Desktop Layer.
• These applications produce the data to be transferred over the network.
• This layer also serves as a window for the application services to access the network and for
displaying the received information to the user.
• Functions of the Application Layer
1.Network Virtual Terminal (NVT):Enables users to log on to remote hosts.
2.File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM):Allows users to access, retrieve, and
manage files on remote computers.
3.Mail Services:Facilitates email communication.
4.Directory Services:Provides access to distributed databases for global information about
objects and services.
 TCP/IP Model
• The TCP/IP model stands for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol, which are the core
protocols of the Internet.
• This model defines how data is transmitted over
networks, ensuring reliable communication
between devices.
• To ensure that, each message reaches its final
destination accurately, the TCP/IP model divides
its data into packets and combines them at the
other end, which helps in maintaining the
accuracy of the data while transferring from one
end to another end.
• Different Layers of TCP/IP Model are:
1.Application Layer
2.Transport Layer(TCP/UDP)
3.Network/Internet Layer(IP)
4.Network Access Layer
 Network Access Layer
• Manages the data link between devices and the network.
• Functions of the Network Access Layer are:
1.Generates data and requests connections on behalf of the sender and receiver.
2.Identifies network protocol types (e.g., TCP/IP)
3.Provides error prevention and framing.
• Protocols: Examples include Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and Ethernet (IEEE 802.2).

Internet (Network) Layer

• Responsible for logical transmission of data across the network.
• Some of the main protocols are
1.IP (Internet Protocol): Delivers packets from source to destination using IP
addresses (IPv4 and IPv6).
2.ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Provides feedback about network issues
within IP datagrams.
3.ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Resolves IP addresses to hardware (MAC)
addresses.
 Transport Layer
• Ensures reliable end-to-end communication.
• Some of the main protocols are
1.TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Establishes a reliable connection, ensuring data is
transmitted in order and without errors.
2.UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Provides faster, connectionless communication, suitable for
applications that require low latency.
• It’s function is to exchange data receipt acknowledgments and retransmit missing packets.

Application Layer
• Interfaces with end-user applications, handling data delivery without complexity.
• Some of the main protocols are
1.HTTP/HTTPS: Manages web communications; HTTPS adds security through SSL.
2.SSH (Secure Shell): Provides secure terminal access and encrypted connections.
3.NTP (Network Time Protocol): Synchronizes clocks across devices, crucial for time-sensitive
transactions.
• Facilitates user interactions and ensures secure, reliable application functionality.
 Why TCP/IP Model Does
Not Have Physical Layer
• The physical layer is not covered by the TCP/IP model because the data link layer is
considered the point at which the interface occurs between the TCP/IP stock and the
underlying network hardware.
• Also it is designed to be independent of the underlying physical media.
• This allows TCP/IP to be flexible and adaptable to different types of physical
connections, such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi,
Difference Between OSI Model and
TCP/IP Model