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Lecture 5

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13 views17 pages

Lecture 5

Uploaded by

hayil87639
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Formal Methods

Lecture # 5

Umber Noureen Abbas


Lecturer
Department of Computer Science

Department of Computer Science universty of


11/04/2024 1
Sahiwal
Formal methods

• Rigorous techniques and tools for the development


and analysis of computational (hardware/software)
systems Applied at various stages of the development
cycle
• used in reverse engineering to model and analyze
existing systems Based on mathematics and symbolic
logic (formal)

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MAIN ARTIFACTS IN FORMAL METHODS

1. System requirements
2. System implementation

• Formal methods rely on


– some formal specification of (1)
– some formal execution model of (2)
• Use tools to verify mechanically that implementation satisfies
(1) according to (2)

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WHY USE FORMAL METHODS

• Mathematical modeling and analysis contribute to the overall


quality of the final product Increase confidence in the
correctness/robustness/security of a system
• Find more flaws and earlier bugs (i.e., during specification and
design vs. testing and maintenance)

11/04/2024 Department of Computer Science universty of Sahiw 4


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FORMAL METHODS: THE VISION

• Complement other analysis and design methods


• Help find bugs in code and specification
• Reduce development, and testing, cost
• Ensure certain properties of the formal system model
• Should be highly automated

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FORMAL METHODS AND TESTING

• Run the system at chosen inputs and observe its


behavior
– Randomly chosen
– Intelligently chosen (by hand: expensive!)
– Automatically chosen (need formalized spec)
• What about other inputs? (test coverage)
• What about the observation? (test oracle)
• Challenges can be addressed by/require formal
methods

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A WARNING

• The notion of “formality” is often misunderstood (formal vs.


rigorous)
• The effectiveness of formal methods is still debated
• There are myths about their practicality and cost
• Formal methods are not yet widespread in industry
• They are mostly used in the development of safety, business,
or mission critical software, where the cost of faults is high

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THE MAIN POINT OF FMs IS NOT

• To show “correctness” of entire systems


• What is correctness? Go for specific properties!
• To replace testing entirely
• Formal methods do not go below byte code level
• Some properties are not formalizable
• To replace good design practices

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OVERALL BENEFITS OF USING FORMAL
METHODS
• Forces developers to think systematically about issues
• Improves the quality of specifications, even without formal
verification
• Leads to better design
• Provides a precise reference to check requirements
• Provides documentation within a team of developers
• Gives direction to latter development phases
• Provides a basis for reuse via specification matching
• Can replace (infinitely) many test cases
• Facilitates automatic test case generation

11/04/2024 Department of Computer Science universty of Sahiw 9


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SPECIFICATIONS: WHAT THE SYSTEM SHOULD
DO
• Simple properties
– Safety properties: something bad will never happen
– Liveness properties: something good will happen eventually
• Non-functional properties
– runtime, memory, usability,
– Complete behaviour specification
– Equivalence check
– Refinement
– Data consistency

11/04/2024 Department of Computer Science universty of Sahiw 10


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FORMAL SPECIFICATION

• “The expression in some formal language and at some


level of abstraction of a collection of properties that
some system should satisfy” [van Lamsweerde]
• Formal language
– syntax can be mechanically processed and checked
– semantics is defined unambiguously by mathematical
means
• Abstraction
– above the level of source code, several levels possible

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Cont.

• Properties
– expressed in some formal logic
– have a well-defined semantics
• Satisfaction
– ideally (but not always) decided mechanically
– based on automated deduction and/or model checking
techniques

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FORMALIZATION HELPS TO FIND BUGS IN
SPECS
• Well-formedness and consistency of formal specs are
checkable with tools
• Fixed signature (symbols) helps spot incomplete specs
• Failed verification of implementation against spec
• gives feedback on erroneous formalization

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EXPRESSIVENESS OF SPECIFICATION

• Simple
– Finitely many cases
– Approximation, low precision
– Automatic proofs are (in principle) possible
• Complex
– General properties
– High precision, tight modeling
– Automatic proofs (in general) impossible!

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CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS

• Slowly but surely formal methods are finding


increased used in industry
• Design for formal verification provers
• Combining static analysis of programs with automatic
methods and with theorem provers
• Combining test and formal verification
• Integration of formal methods into SW development
process

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Questions

Any Question Please?

You can contact me at: umber@uosahiwal.edu.pk

Your Query will be answered within one working day.

11/04/2024 Computer Science Department, University of Sahiwal 16


Thanks

11/04/2024 Computer Science Department, University of Sahiwal 17

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